We investigate the concept of path switching in optical burst switched (OBS) networks and its potential to reducing the overall burst drop probability. With path switching, each source maintains a list of alternate paths to each destination, and uses information regarding the recent congestion status of the network links to rank the paths; it then transmits bursts along the least congested path...

We first show that a graph is not bipartite if it contains any cycles of odd length. Starting at an arbitrary vertex u in this cycle, we note that there is a path of length 2k + 1 from u to v. We also note that to be bipartite, we must alternate placing vertices on this path into the partitions L and R. However, if we place u in L, then, we see that after following the path along 2k + 1 edges, ...

In hybrid mobile ad hoc network (MANET), the mobility of the ad hoc nodes can cause route failures and necessitates the new route discovery. Also the mobility can result in delay and overhead. In this paper, we propose a multi-criteria gateway selection and multipath routing protocol for hybrid MANET that considers mobility metric as one of the criterion for the selecting the gateway. For gatew...

In the MANET, routing protocols are used to provide the specific path for sending the data packets. Multipath routing provides the multiple paths in the MANET. So, in this paper we enhance the performance of Split Multipath Routing protocols by using route update mechanism. This proposal is useful in route recovery process. In MANET for sending the data packets through alternate path takes more...

The ad hoc network consists of mobile hosts which communicate with each other by radio media. The mobile host must route data to the host within the radio range by hopping to the destination host. Since the hosts are mobile and the network topology is variable, routing protocols have been an important research issue in the network area. On-demand routing protocol is an efficient protocol in the...

air conditioning refrigerant r134a has value of global warming potential (gwp) 1300, which is much higher than mac directive (gwp below 150) passed in july 2006. this prompted a search for alternative refrigerant with gwp value less than 150. r1234yf is a new refrigerant which has lower gwp value of 4. effect of blower speed has been compared and flammability issue of r1234yf has been addressed...

introduction: fasting, like islamic ramadan fasting, has been associated with health benefits. islamic ramadan fasting, a form of caloric restriction (cr) or alternate day fasting that. studies suggest a comparable effect of adf and caloric restriction. despite the fact that fasting can be considered as a form of dietary restriction, fasters tend to have difficulty to reduce their food intake d...

For the search of the optimal path and the establishment of the multicast tree which meets QoS constraints in multicast routing, an improved ant colony algorithm is proposed in the paper. In the searching process, two group ants carry out searching separately and alternate information after one search. After a period of time, the rotary table is adapted to choosing a path and avoids stagnation,...

SCTP congestion control includes the slow start mechanism to probe the network for available bandwidth. In case of path swap in a multihomed association, this mechanism may cause a sudden drop in throughput and increased message delays. By estimating the available bandwidth on the alternate path it is possible to utilize a more efficient startup scheme. In this paper, we analytically compare an...