Filtered Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (F-NOMA) is a multi-carrier wave form and considered suitable contender for 5G radio. Peak to average power ratio (PAPR) regarded as major hurdle in the NOMA because it hampers efficiency of amplifier transmitter. In this study, novel selective mapping (SLM) algorithm used minimize PAPR NOMA. The conventional SLM increases intricacy structure, projected a...

In this research paper, we use a normalized graph cut measure as a thresholding principle to separate an object from the background based on the standard S membership function. The implementation of the proposed algorithm known as fuzzy normalized graph cut method. This proposed algorithm compared with the fuzzy entropy method [25], Kittler [11], Rosin [21], Sauvola [23] and Wolf [33] method. M...