The established calculation of ruminal extent of degradation using the polyester bag method overestimates extent. The wash fraction, at least in part, is subject to losses from the rumen due to passage. Four formulae are proposed to minimize this risk of overestimation. Four options are considered: 1) passage losses for particulate matter escaping from the bag at zero time are according to the ...

Normally innocuous forages are sporadically associated with hepatogenous photosensitization outbreaks at certain times of the year or when grown and harvested during unusual environmental conditions, such as periods of excessive rainfall. Allegations of livestock illness following consumption of such moldy hays are associated with clinical syndromes uncharacteristic of known forage-related dise...

The alfalfa weevil complex is the most severe insect pest of alfalfa in California. Because weevil larvae are the first insect pests of the production year to require management actions consideration of possible effects on pest management for the rest of the season must be made. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides have provided acceptable weevil control in the past. However, the occurren...

to reduce the storing space and handling costs for hay/straw bales, recompressing the original bales after adequate hay drying is recommended. in this project, a recompression machine was designed, constructed and evaluated. solidwork and nastran software were employed to model, and to analyze the stresses in the components of the machine, respectively. the components of the machine consisted o...