This paper evaluates two contrasting policy approaches for tackling those working on an own-account basis who do not declare all their paid activities to the authorities tax, social security and/or labour law purposes. The conventional deterrence approach, based a rational economic actor view, has sought raise costs of engaging in undeclared work by increasing expected sanctions and risk detect...

Background: Alcohol use could be a risk factor for high risk sexual behaviors and injection especially among injecting drug users (IDUs). Data presented in this abstract extracted from the “Study on situation of HIV, Latent Tuberculosis (TB) and Active TB Infection among IDUs Receiving Harm Reduction Services in Tehran and 5 large cities in Iran” which had been conducted from June to December 2...

Alcohol directly affects astroglial cell function, including inflammation-related activity.  And it also affects microglial cell development and function in specific ways that interfere with microglial interactions with the immune system and with neurons. Neuroinflammatory processes might be involved in alcohol-induced brain damage. Alcohol use, misuse and getting used to it causes differe...

background: fetal alcohol syndrome is associated with numerous problems in the development and function of the brain. learning and memory deficits are among well known effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol. objective: this study aimed to examine the spatial working memory of 60-day old rats who were exposed to alcohol during their fetal life and to find the relation between the possible alcoh...

in fact alcohol is a toxic substance that has a direct effect on brain. some of the most common mental disorders due to alcohol abuse are: memory disorder: hazardous amounts of alcohol may cause intoxication, impairment of memory so that the person who took a drunken accident may not remember the event. periods of memory impairment in those with a history of alcohol addiction would also happen ...

background and aims: alcohol abuse is an important concern of many societies. hippocampal neurogenesis regulates abusing drugs in a positive manner. the aim of this study was to identify factors that regulate neurogenesis in isolation period that increase preference for alcohol and salt. materials and methods: in this study sixteen rats were randomly divided into two groups: pair (social) and i...