The character of a brass musical instrument is primarily dependent on its bore profile. Many historic brass instruments are so constructed that substantial parts of the air column are inaccessible to direct measurement. This paper discusses the factors involved and reports recent advances in the use of pulse reflectometry for bore reconstruction, in particular compensation for losses and allowa...

Liquid flow from a column is nebulised using nitrogen or air to give a plume of fine droplets containing the analyte in solution. The liquid droplets pass into a heated zone where the solvent is removed to leave the dried analyte particle which is subsequently irradiated with light. The amount of light scattered is then measured. Gas flow and temperature can be adjusted to optimise the response...

Triptolide is an important active component of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TWHF) and possesses anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, male anti-fertility, and anticancer properties. A new method combining different techniques, including solid-liquid extraction, liquid-liquid partition, column chromatography and high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) but avoiding the use of chlorofo...

bouts irrespective of sex. This behavior seems to fit the play criteria and certainly warrants closer study. I have studied Vietnamese mossy frog tadpoles repeatedly ‘riding’ bubbles from an airstone at the bottom of a tall tank to the top. I have observed similar behavior in marine fish in a large very tall communal aquarium with such an air column. Here it is actually possible to be a bit ant...

A one-pot reaction between C2F5CH2NH2·HCl, NaNO2 and electron-deficient alkynes gives C2F5-substituted pyrazoles in excellent yields. The transformation smoothly proceeds in dichloromethane/water, tolerates the presence of air, and requires no purification of products by column chromatography. Mechanistically, C2F5CH2NH2·HCl and NaNO2 react first in water to generate C2F5CHN2, that participates...

The schemes proposed in part I are tested using single-column data sets from tropical field experiments (GATE, BOMEX, ATEX) and an arctic air-mass transformation. Both the deep and shallow schemes perform well. The sensitivity of the schemes to adjustable parameters is also studied. Preliminary global forecasts show significant improvements in the global surface fluxes and mean tropical tempera...

Regulatory air quality models, such as the Community Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQ), are used by federal and state agencies to guide policy decisions that determine how to best achieve adherence with National Ambient Air Quality Standards for surface ozone. We use observations of ozone and its important precursor NO2 to test the representation of the photochemistry and emission of ozone pr...