The rapid urbanization of developed countries and the difficulty in disposing agricultural wastes have created opportunities for construction industry to use wastes. A wide variety waste materials are already with concrete as substitutes cement aggregates, well reinforcing materials. This study reviews available literature published from 1935 2022 on being used building research utilizes a bibl...

Tobacco stems contain 56.10% cellulose content, 15.11% lignin, 22.44% hemicellulose, and 44.61% total organic carbon, which can be used as a source of energy or fuel. This study aimed to utilize tobacco in briquette form alternative energy. The materials this were stem waste, rice husk, wood charcoal, coconut shell. treatments consisted T1 (100% stems), T2 (80% + 20% shell), T3 husk), T4 (33.33...