This study examines a sharp decline of school attendance among white children in the Southern US after the Civil War. According to Census data, the school-attendance rate among whites in the Confederate states declined by almost half from 1860 to 1870, whereas that in the Northern states was approximately stable. This shock left the South approximately three decades behind its antebellum trend....

The movement of macromolecules in cells is assumed to occur either through active transport or by diffusion. However, the determination of the diffusion coefficients in cells using fluctuation methods or FRAP frequently give diffusion coefficient that are orders of magnitude smaller than the diffusion coefficients measured for the same macromolecule in solution. It is assumed that the cell inte...

Since the 1980s, research on Hebei dialects has made great achievements, and study tone been gradually deepened. Before 1990, tones of mostly focused citation tones, was limited to synchronic description specific dialect spots. After 1990s, turned from analysis diachronic evolution tones. At same time, increasing attention paid ancient forms contained in sandhi relationship between sandhi.

AI the first Convocation of the American College of Surgeons in 1913, President John M.T. Finney said in his Presidential Address : "The history of surgery in the United States and Canada is opened to a new page. When at some future time the historian comes to write 011 that page the record of events that have led up to this meeting, he will there record the taking of another step in the progre...

The advent of information technology and computers in medicine two decades ago posed a new set of ethical problems. In recent years, these problems have been compounded by the increasing use of computers for supporting clinical decisions as well as administration and record keeping. This presentation considers some of the problems which are raised by the use of computers to support clinical dec...

This paper summarizes some of the causes of, and some of the health and social concerns from, the growing illicit drug problem in the 1980s. It suggests that two recent developments, the decentralization of much drug production and modification to chemical laboratories in homes, and the application of increasingly innovative marketing techniques, have brought us to a new and more hazardous era ...

We review 1980s research on American rural hospitals within the context of a decade of increasing restrictiveness in the reimbursement and operating environments. Areas addressed include rural hospital definitions, organizational and financial performance, and strategic management activities. The latter category consists of hospital closure, diversification and vertical integration, swing-bed c...