Reports on the microbial degradation of bile-acid conjugates have been mainly limited to observations of hydrolytic cleavage yielding free bile acids. Clostridium spp., Enterococcus spp. (Norman & Grubb, 1955), Bacteroides spp., BiJdobacteria spp. (Drasar & Hill, 1966) and species of rat intestinal bacteria (Dickinson et a/., 1971) were all shown to deconjugate bile-acid conjugates under anaero...

the aim of this study was to isolate and identify airborne fungi from locations in babol city, babolkenar forest and a beach on the caspian sea (all in north part of iran) in spring and summer. of 126 samples collected, the most clinically important isolated fungi were mucor spp. (18.6%) in the forest, alternaria spp. (13.4%) at the beach; and cladophialophora spp. (15.8%), mucor spp. (11.7%) a...

background clinical significance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) production in enterobacter spp. has not well been established. objectives this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of esbls produced by enterobacter spp. in clinical isolates. materials and methods this descriptive cross-sectional study was performed during may 2010 to april 2012 in the city of sanandaj,...

Phase variation of Streptococcus gordonii between high (Spp+) and low (Spp-) levels of glucosyltransferase (GTF) activity resulted in the greater adhesion of Spp- strains to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (S-HA) in a washed-cell adhesion test. Specific GTF mutants did not show this response. Although washed Spp+ cells produced 5-fold or more glucan from sucrose than Spp- cells did under the condi...

The objective of this study was to determine the aerobic bacteria and fungi associated with raw camel’s milk. Samples were collected from farms in Bahri (Khartoun North) area in the Sudan. The isolated aerobic bacteria (one hundred and fifteen isolates) were identified as (85.26%) Gram–negative, while (14.73%) were Gram-positive. The Gram-negative bacteria were 39.13% Escherichia coli serotypes...

Background: Pseudomonas spp. are of important food spoiling bacteria. They present around the world and are isolated from diverse sources. The main objective of this survey was to detect Pseudomonas spp. in fresh chicken and fish obtained from markets of Assiut city, Egypt.  Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, 50 samples of fresh raw chicken and 50 samples of fresh raw fish meat were...

Captive reptiles are routinely identified as reservoirs of Salmonella spp. and reports of reptile-associated salmonellosis are increasing. Unfortunately, little is known about the epidemiology of Salmonella spp. and green iguanas. We did a limited survey of a green-iguana farm in El Salvador to identify sources of Salmonella spp. in green iguanas and their environment. A limited number of sampl...

Forty-six bottled water samples representing 16 brands from Dhaka, Bangladesh were tested for the numbers of total coliforms, fecal indicator bacteria (i.e., thermotolerant Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.) and potential bacterial pathogens (i.e., Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp.). Among the 16 brands tested, 14 (86%), ten (63%) and seven (4...

Terrestrial hydrocarbon seeps are an important source of naturally emitted methane over geological time. The exact community compositions responsible for carbon cycling beneath these surface features remain obscure. As sulfate reduction represents an essential process for anoxic organic mineralization, this study collected muddy fluids from a high-temperature hydrocarbon seep in Taiwan and anal...

BACKGROUND Allergen-containing subpollen particles (SPP) are released from whole plant pollen upon contact with water or even high humidity. Because of their size SPP can preferentially reach the lower airways where they come into contact with surfactant protein (SP)-D. Our previous work demonstrated that SP-D increases the uptake of SPP by alveolar macrophages. In the present study, we investi...