background: pandemic flu had at least two waves in iran. knowing how many of the general population were already exposed to this infection has a major impact on na-tional preventive measures. as of december 30, 2009, a total of 3672 confirmed cases of human infection with a novel influenza a (2009 h1n1) virus had been reported in iran with 140 deaths. objective: in this study we aim to measure,...

this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of caffeine and trans-cinnamaldehyde (tc) on growth performance, hematological parameters, stress hormones, immune response, and some blood parameters of broiler chickens. three hundred fifty 1-d-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 7 dietary treatments (five pens/ treatment of 10 male broilers each) in a completely randomized design...

When estimating mortality from disease with fish population models, common surveillance data such as infection prevalence are not always informative, especially for fast-acting diseases that may go unobserved in infrequently sampled populations. In these cases, seroprevalence — the proportion of measurable antibody levels their blood be more informative. cases life-long immunity, require less f...

Introduction: Hepatitis A is caused by a virus with a similar name. As a very contagious disease, Hepatitis A is one of the most prevalent infant infections across the developing countries. People who have been vaccinated and also those who caught this disease already are immune against hepatitis A. Since it was not possible and cost effective to analyze the immunity level of all asymptomatic c...

foreign state immunity from jurisdiction of internal courts of another states as a customary rule of international law has been appeared in states’ practice and also in legislations passed by their parliaments (states like u.s.a, u.k, australia, canada, south africa, pakistan, etc.,). state immunity as a rule of international law has developed from its beginning (i.e. the schooner exchange case...

foreign state immunity from jurisdiction of internal courts of another states as a customary rule of international law has been appeared in states’ practice and also in legislations passed by their parliaments (states like u.s.a, u.k, australia, canada, south africa, pakistan, etc.,). state immunity as a rule of international law has developed from its beginning (i.e. the schooner exchange case...

Studies have shown that symptomatic improvement of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised patients is possible following treatment with" hyperimmune" colostrum containing anti-sporozoite antibodies from cattle immunized with Cryptosporidium parvum antigens. The contribution to immunity of antibodies developed during Cryptosporidium infection is unclear, however. Previously, we showed that ...