Shigella flexneri is endemic in most underdeveloped countries, causing diarrheal disease and dysentery among young children. In order to reach its target site, the colon, Shigella must overcome the acid environment of the stomach. Shigella is able to persist in this stressful environment and, because of this ability it can initiate infection following the ingestion of very small inocula. Thus, ...

patients and methods in this retrospective study, all urine samples of children hospitalized with urinary tract infection (288 patients, aged 1mon -14.5 years) during october 2008 to may 2011 were included in the study. after bacteria were identified by standard methods, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using a panel of antimicrobial agents. results the most of patients were g...

drought resistance is a very important characteristic needed for plant survival especially at germination stage, in arid and semi-arid lands. phosphatase enzymes are widely found in plants. these enzymes are responsible for dephosphorylation of organic phosphate and altering it to mineral phosphate. germination experiments were conducted in two bread wheat cultivars (sardari and alvand) under s...

background: saccharomyces boulardii (s. boulardii) is the best known probiotic yeast. the genetic engineering of this probiotic strain requires the availability of appropriate mutants to accept various gene constructs carrying different selection markers. as the auxotrophy selection markers are under focus, we have generated a ura3 auxotroph mutant of s. boulardii for use in further genetic man...

In this study, a newly developed S-PRG (surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer) filler-containing one-step adhesive, called SI (SI-IB551, Prototype), was evaluated regarding its fluoride release behavior. As a result, fluoride ion distribution in the tooth structures and acid resistance of cavity margins were also evaluated. In addition, Absolute (a fluoride-releasing one-step adhesive; AB) was eval...

OBJECTIVES Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) are among the most frequent microorganisms causing traveller's diarrhoea. The aim of this study was to investigate the evolution of antimicrobial resistance in EAEC and ETEC causing diarrhoea in patients who had travelled to different developing countries, comparing two periods of time, 1994-97 and 2001-04. ...

Metabolic signals orchestrate plant defenses against microbial pathogen invasion. Here, we report the identification of the non-protein amino acid pipecolic acid (Pip), a common Lys catabolite in plants and animals, as a critical regulator of inducible plant immunity. Following pathogen recognition, Pip accumulates in inoculated Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, in leaves distal from the site of ino...

Background: Salmonella infection (salmonellosis) is a zoonotic bacterial disease. Widespread use of antibiotics in livestock and poultry production for different purposes such as treatment and growth promotion has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella, causing treatment of Salmonella infections more difficult with each passing year. Aims: To determine the antibiotic resistance...

Elevated plasma uric acid levels are associated with obesity and could be an expression of insulin-resistant state. The aim of the present study was to evaluate plasma uric acid in obese and normal-weight children exclusively at prepubertal stage and its relationship with anthropometric measurements, intake, and features of the insulin resistance syndrome. A study was performed in 34 obese and ...

The objective of this study was to assess the phenotypic susceptibility of HIV-1 subtype C isolates, with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance-associated amino acid changes, to newer NNRTIs. A panel of 52 site-directed mutants and 38 clinically derived HIV-1 subtype C clones was created, and the isolates were assessed for phenotypic susceptibility to etravirine (ETR)...