Currently, most operational forecasting models use latitude–longitude grids, whose convergence of meridians toward the poles limits parallel scaling. Quasi-uniform grids might avoid this limitation. Thuburn et al. and Ringler et al. have developed a method for arbitrarily structured, orthogonal C grids called TRiSK, which has many of the desirable properties of the C grid on latitude–longitude ...

Based on nearly 4.6 million radio occultation (RO) ionospheric profile data from Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate satellites in 2006–2020, a global three-dimensional electron density model was constructed with new concept. The 3D ionosphere structure divided into total 338,661 grids longitude intervals of 10°, latitude 2°, height 5 km. On each grid, the is...

Abstract A laboratory experiment was carried out at the College of Agriculture, University Anbar, located 43°20‘09.7“E longitude, 33°25‘36.7“N latitude for period from 1/10/2021 to 1/10/2022, study effect date residues, organic acids, and wetting / drying cycles on some physical properties gypsiferous soil. The soil selected site Fallujah palm station that longitude 43º51'. 05. 36 E. 33º17'. 46...

On 9 th of March 1500, Portuguese expeditionary team of thirteen ships, after departing Lisbon, discovered Brazil soon on 22 nd of April 1500. Brazil was then called “Terra de Santa Cruz” and was announced a Portuguese colony. As the Portuguese colonists began plundering with the cutting Brazilwood, the word “Brazil” gradually replaced “Terra de Santa Cruz” and became the name of the nation up ...

These notes show how observers can set up a coordinate system and measure the spacetime geometry using clocks and lasers. The approach is similar to that of special relativity, but the reader must not be misled. Spacetime diagrams with rectilinear axes do not imply flat spacetime any more than flat maps imply a flat earth. Cartography provides an excellent starting point for understanding the m...

Variations in diurnal tidal stress due to Europa’s eccentric orbit have been considered as the driver of strike-slip motion along pre-existing faults, but obliquity and physical libration have not been taken into account. The first objective of this work is to examine the effects of obliquity on the predicted global pattern of fault slip directions based on a tidal-tectonic formation model. Our...