Introduction Lithography with 157-nm fluorine lasers is rapidly emerging as a viable technology for the post-193-nm era [1–3]. In fact, it may become the technology of choice for 100to 70-nm nodes. It is attractive for several reasons, the most important being that it is fundamentally an extension of optical lithography at the longer wavelengths of 248 and 193 nm. Therefore, it holds the promis...

Single walled carbon nanotubes with Pd Ohmic contacts and lengths ranging from several microns down to 10 nm are investigated by electron transport experiments and theory. The mean-free path (MFP) for acoustic phonon scattering is estimated to be l(ap) approximately 300 nm, and that for optical phonon scattering is l(op) approximately 15 nm. Transport through very short (approximately 10 nm) na...

Vertically self-aligned ZnO nanorods and nanotubes are fabricated on Si substrates by atomic layer deposition with the assistance of anodic aluminum oxide at 250°C. These nanostructures are equal in height, isolated, and vertical to the Si substrate. With 550 deposition cycles, we can fabricate regular arrays of ZnO nanorods with an average diameter of 70 nm and with a height of 470 nm. In part...

We describe the fabrication of three-dimensional photonic crystals using a reproducible and reliable procedure consisting of electron beam lithography followed by a sequence of dry etching steps. Careful fabrication has enabled us to define photonic crystals with 280 nm holes defined with 350 nm center to center spacings in GaAsP and GaAs epilayers. We construct these photonic crystals by trans...

BACKGROUND Macrophages play a major role among the inflammatory cells that invade muscle tissue following an injury. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has long been used in clinical practice to accelerate the muscle repair process. However, little is known regarding its effect on macrophages. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effect of LLLT on the mitochondrial activity (MA) of macrophages. M...

A new type of ratiometric fluorescent probe, 8-(diethylamino)-2-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyrano[2,3-b] chromen-10-ylium tetrafluoroborate (APCT), is reported. A new type of ratiometric fluorescent probe, 8(diethylamino)-2-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyrano[2,3-b]chromen-10-ylium tetrafluoroborate (APCT), is reported. This probe can successfully detect bisulfite anions with a detection limit of 6.1 10 7 M based on M...

Pd, Ag, Cd and Au clusters of varying sizes have been investigated by scanning tunneling spectroscopy under ultra-high vacuum. The conductance of the clusters decreases markedly when the cluster diameter is F1 nm. A plot of the density of 3 Ž . states at the Fermi level against the cluster volume varies nearly linearly up to a cluster volume of 4 nm diameter ;2 nm . Below a cluster diameter of ...

Using a 47 GeV electron beam, the Final Focus Test Beam (FFTB) produces vertical spot sizes around 70 nm. These small beam sizes introduce an excellent opportunity to develop and test high resolution Radio Frequency Beam Position Monitors (RF-BPMs). These BPMs are designed to measure pulse to pulse beam motion (jitter) at a theoretical resolution of approximately 1 nm. The beam induces a TM110 ...

Responses of 11 young adult males, initially standing, to support surface forward accelerations of 0.18 g were investigated. In response to the impending falls this stimulus initiated, body segment motions and myoelectric activities in six muscles were measured. These measurements were then input to 9 or 12 segment whole body biomechanical models and the reaction joint torques needed to produce...