Chloride influx through GABA-gated chloride channels, the primary mechanism by which neural activity is inhibited in the adult mammalian brain, depends on chloride gradients established by the potassium chloride cotransporter KCC2. We used a genetic screen to identify genes important for inhibition of the hermaphrodite-specific motor neurons (HSNs) that stimulate Caenorhabditis elegans egg-layi...

The influence of a chloride-ion adsorption agent (Cl agent in short), composed of zeolite, calcium aluminate hydrate and calcium nitrite, on the ingress of chloride ions into concrete and mortar has been experimentally studied. The permeability of concrete was measured, and the chloride ion content in mortar was tested. The experimental results reveal that the Cl agent could adsorb chloride ion...

Organotin cations (R3Sn+) form electrically neutral ion pairs with monovalent anions. It is demonstrated that the tin derivatives induce exchange diffusion of chloride in red cells and resealed ghosts, without any detectable increase of membrane permeability to net movements of chloride ions. The obligatory anion exchange is believed to be due to the permeation of electroneural ion pairs, where...

Urinary electrolytes are invaluable in the differential diagnosis and treatment of certain acid-base diseases. We have evaluated the accuracy and precision of three different automated chemistry analyzers and a chloridometer (Corning 925 Chloridometer, Hitachi 717 and 917 and Vitros 950) for chloride, sodium and potassium using standard solutions. Data indicate that the ISE modules on the Hitac...

In this study, air pollution control (APC) residue is conducted with water washing process to reduce its chloride content. A novel electrical conductivily (EC) measurement method is proposed to monitor the dynamic change of chloride concentrations in leachate as well as the chloride content of the residue. The method equally applies to various washing processes with different washing time, liqu...

Acid-activated chloride currents have been reported in several cell types and may play important roles in regulation of cell function. However, the molecular identities of the channels that mediate the currents are not defined. In this study, activation of the acid-induced chloride current and the possible candidates of the acid-activated chloride channel were investigated in human nasopharynge...

In the vertebrate CNS, fast synaptic inhibition is mediated by GABA and glycine receptors. We recently reported that the time course of these synaptic currents is slower when intracellular chloride is high. Here we extend these findings to measure the effects of both extracellular and intracellular chloride on the deactivation of glycine and GABA currents at both negative and positive holding p...

Previous studies have shown that in proximal and distal tubule nephron segments, peritubular ANG II stimulates sodium chloride transport. However, ANG II inhibits chloride transport in the medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL). Because ANG II and catecholamines are both stimulated by a decrease in extracellular fluid volume, the purpose of this study was to examine whether there was an interact...

Inherited and acquired disorders that enhance the activity of transporters mediating renal tubular Na(+) reabsorption are well established causes of hypertension. It is unclear, however, whether primary activation of an Na(+)-independent chloride transporter in the kidney can also play a pathogenic role in this disease. Here, mice overexpressing the chloride transporter pendrin in intercalated ...

Chloride is a relatively unreactive plant nutrient that has long been used as a biogeochemical tracer but also can be a pollutant causing aquatic biology impacts when concentrations are high, typically from rock salt applications used for deicing roads. Chloride inputs to watersheds are most often from atmospheric deposition, road salt, or agricultural fertilizer, although studies on agricultur...