Male baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) give loud, two-syllable wahoo calls in response to predators (alarm wahoos) and during aggressive displays that may include multiple males chasing each other or females (contest wahoos). Although acoustic analysis has revealed significant differences between the two calls, these differences are subtle and the two subtypes can be difficult for humans to ...

“Objective” is a term applied to outward things, in contrast to “subjective,” used to denote those things that belong to the conscious life. Thus whatever is considered as independent of the perceiving and reasoning self is “objective,” whereas all that belongs to the conscious life is termed “subjective.” We speak of a thing as having “objective reality,” that is, it is an object of perception...

This paper studies a Stackelberg game wherein sender (leader) attempts to shape the information of less informed receiver (follower) who in turn takes an action that determines payoff for both players. The chooses signals maximize its own utility function while aims ascertain value source is privately known sender. It well such sender–receiver games admit vast number equilibria and not all from...

Human language has evolved on a biological substrate with phylogenetic roots deep in the primate lineage. Here, we describe a functional analogy to a common morphological process in human speech, affixation, in the alarm calls of free-ranging adult Campbell's monkeys (Cercopithecus campbelli campbelli). We found that male alarm calls are composed of an acoustically variable stem, which can be f...