This paper presents the evolution of Aircraft Data Networks (ADN)’s. It describes various Avionics data network protocols based on the Avionics systems architecture. The paper describes the evolution from a simple point-to-point protocol presented in ARINC 429 to a shared data bus protocol presented in ARINC 629. Finally, the new Data network based on AFDX (Avionics Full-duplex Ethernet) is dis...

In earlier analogue avionic systems the number of cables used to transfer information between the various system components was considerable. With these systems, at least one pair of wires has been required for each signal and so a typical installation requires several pairs of wires. With the equivalent digital systems, all the analogue signals are converted into their equivalent and are assig...

the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (blv) in khorasan razavi and khorasan shomali provinces which are the main provinces located in the northeast of iran. total number of 429 blood samples were collected from industrial dairy herds. the samples were categorized based on province, age (2-3, 4-6, and 7-10 years old), calving (≤ 2, 3-5, and > 5) and h...