Background: Although vascular access is essential for adequate haemodialysis delivery, the systematic use of a patient's venous patrimony may eventually lead to exhaustion of suitable sites for placement of a new vascular access. Case Report: We present two cases of such patients. In the first one we inserted a 55cm catheter through the left external iliac vein, and a 40cm translumbar catheter ...

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1Pulmonary Section, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. 2Memon Diabetic and Diagnostic Centre, Karachi, Pakistan. 3World Health Organization, Pakistan. ABSTRACT In a densely populated urban area of Karachi, Pakistan, a questionnaire survey was made of the knowledge and practices of 120 private general practitioners about the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB). The majority knew th...

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a key role in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. It promotes the survival, proliferation, activation and maintenance of natural killer and CD8+ T cells. It also stimulates the function of neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells, and could therefore be a potential cytokine for cancer immune therapy. The th...

Although leukoplakia is the most common precancerous lesion of the oral cavity, its molecular biological properties are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to identify the genes responsible for its pathogenesis and malignant transformation using oligonucleotide microarray technology. The expression profiles of 8,800 genes in human oral leukoplakia (n=4) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (...

Key Points Genetics ● Klinefelter syndrome should be considered as a possible diagnosis among adult men with hypogonadism, infertility, and/or low libido. ● Testosterone replacement therapy can improve the health of men with Klinefelter syndrome. Ethics ● Almost all men with Klinefelter syndrome are infertile, which may raise questions of paternity if an affected male has a child. ● The implica...

Objective: To examine the optimal cut-off points of body mass index (BMI) which reflect the risk-level of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in urban Thai males. Material and Method: A cross-sectional research was conducted on Thai males, aged 35-50 who worked and lived in Bangkok. Four hundred and thirteen government officers were selected for blood pressure, weight and height measureme...

The role of the corpus-callosum in processing information in the brain is still unclear. In order to understand what effect callosal connections have in cortical processing, this paper analyses the factors influencing the development of both intraand interhemispherical connections. Experimentally it has been observed that short-range pyramidal connections in visual cortex are largely orientatio...