Cottonwoods (Populus spp.) represent an important tree component of riparian plant communities within the winter range of the northern Yellowstone elk (Cervus elaphus) herd, yet young cottonwoods are highly palatable to ungulates. To assess potential herbivory impacts associated with wild ungulates following the removal of gray wolves (Canis lupus), long-term cottonwood recruitment and stand dy...

Biodiversity is the result of long-term evolution. It one fundamental global problems today as it declining in space and time. The aim this research was to determine relationship man nature analyze influence variables such gender, age, pet ownership, cultivation plants, perception popular unpopular animals. A total 549 respondents took part survey. In addition above-mentioned demographic variab...

To address the shortcomings of basic Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm in solving complex problems, such as relying on initial population, converging too early, and easily falling into local optimality, a chaotic reverse learning initialization strategy, nonlinear control parameter convergence dynamic position update strategy are introduced to develop multi-strategy fusion Improved (IGWO) ...

Canids can be difficult to detect and their populations difficult to monitor. We tested whether hair samples could be collected from coyotes (Canis latrans) in Texas, USA and gray wolves (C. lupus) in Montana, USA using lure to elicit rubbing behavior at both man-made and natural collection devices. We used mitochondrial and nuclear DNA to determine whether collected hair samples were from coyo...

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genotypes of gray wolves and coyotes from localities throughout North America were determined using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Of the 13 genotypes found among the wolves, 7 are clearly of coyote origin, indicating that genetic transfer of coyote mtDNA into wolf populations has occurred through hybridization. The transfer of mtDNA appears unidirectional ...