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In this chapter, we review the use of DMARDs in several clinical RA cohorts and databases between the 1970s and the 2000s. The DMARD profile in the QUEST-RA database provides an overview of clinical use of MTX in recent years in 25 countries. The data show that (I) MTX is currently the most frequently used DMARD in RA, and (II) that this development has taken about 20 years to emerge.

Concern has been rising about the health of the U.S. commercial real estate market and any impact it may have on financial markets and institutions. It is too early to judge the full extent of any problems, but commercial real estate financing has been shaken by the financial market turmoil associated with recent residential mortgage defaults. The spreads of commercial mortgage-backed securitie...

Prior to the 1970s, the idea of introducing school students to the use of computers, or of a school owing its own computer was difficult to imagine. This situation began to change during the 1970s and accelerated in the 1980s. While microcomputers were much cheaper and more easily handled than minis and mainframes, in the late 1970s they were still quite foreign to most school teachers. This pa...

This study uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, supplemented with state data on welfare policy, to provide new evidence on the link between welfare and teenage out-of-wedlock childbearing in the 1979-1984 period. Logit cross-section and discrete-time hazard models are estimated separately for Hispanics, blacks and whites. The key finding is that, in contrast to the results shown in o...

T he early 1980’s will clearly be rem em bered in history as a tim e w hen everyone from the local dogcatcher to the P residen t of the U n ited States touted their list of ‘‘critical issues” . T he decade is still ju s t young enough that it will be possible to squeeze in one more list, this one directed to the special concerns and problem s of low-volume road agencies: coun­ ties, cities, vil...

The 1980s was a time of demographic and economic changes: the recession, high interest rates, an aging population, and continuing increases in the number of multiple-earner families. As a result, there has been considerable interest about what has happened to family income (1) during this period. How has income grown and how has it been distributed among families? (2) Did society become more po...

[1] In this study, using the nonlinear principal analysis (NLPCA) technique, we demonstrated that the leading El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) mode in a physical basis changed since the late 1970s. The ENSO mode during the pre-1980s resembles the destabilized ‘ocean basin mode’, while during the post-1980s does ‘the recharge-mode’. In particular, for the pre-1980s, the surface zonal current ...