extended abstract 1. introduction urbanization is a process which leads to the growth of cities and urban changes due to industrialization and economic development. in other words, urbanization is an inevitable and demographic force and movement which should not be neglected. informal settlements, which took place in europe after the industrial revolution at the time of the transition from the ...

For almost two decades Brazil has become an important producer and consumer of biofuels as an energy alternative. The need to replace fossil fuels with clean fuels has given Brazilian ethanol an outstanding position. With the market promising, Brazil has been the scene of a growth of the cultivation of sugarcane monocultures to supply the sugarcane industry in the production of ethanol, sugar a...

The Cromwell chafer, Prodontria lewisi, is a flightless chafer beetle whose natural range appears not to have been more than 500 hectares and which now, because of habitat destruction and modification, is reduced to about 100 hectares. This inhabited area is situated on the terrace on which the town of Cromwell, Central Otago, is built. The continued existence of the Cromwell chafer is threaten...

In order to develop organic dairy production a system study called “The Öjebyn Project” was started in 1990. Öjebyn is a research station of The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in northern Sweden. There is 104 hectares of arable land; 58 hectares are grown organically and 46 hectares are grown conventionally. The feed produced on the farm was fed to around 50 dairy cows in each syst...

by P.P. Carvalho and R.J. Hance hile forecasts of economic and population trends are notoriously contentious, it seems to be fairly widely accepted that there will be approximately 11 000 million people to feed in the year 2050, which is about twice as many as there were in 1990. Simultaneously the stock of agricultural land will diminish as a consequence of urbanization, erosion, and desertifi...

The Irano-Touranian biogeography region is exposed to degradation because of anthropogenic activities and overgrazing. One of the important indirect applications of this ecosystem is Apiculture, which can be considered for reduce degradation of land and over coming for indigenous people, that were live in this area. It is possible to increase Apicultural ability in an appropriate area by identi...

New estimates of the impacts of germplasm improvement in the major staple crops between 1965 and 2004 on global land-cover change are presented, based on simulations carried out using a global economic model (Global Trade Analysis Project Agro-Ecological Zone), a multicommodity, multiregional computable general equilibrium model linked to a global spatially explicit database on land use. We est...

The North Sea washes up on some of the lowest-lying coastlines around the world. The standard response to protect land from its ravages has been to build solid dykes between land and sea. And many parts of the Netherlands have been more ambitiously reclaimed from the North Sea by such means. But, in the face of climate change and rising sea levels, researchers have been thinking about other mec...

The upper ranges of the northern Andes are characterized by unique Neotropical, high altitude ecosystems known as paramos. These tundra-like grasslands are widely recognized by the scientific community for their biodiversity and their important ecosystem services for the local human population. Despite their remoteness, limited accessibility for humans and waterlogged soils, paramos are highly ...