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یکی از مؤثرترین معیارهای اقتصادملی، تولید ناخالص داخلی است، اما از آنجایی که این معیار هزینههای رفع آلودگی و اثرگذاریهای منفی زیست محیطی را در نظر نمیگیرد، مورد نکوهش قرار گرفته است. به عبارت دیگر تولید ناخالص داخلی، معیار مناسبی برای اندازهگیری رفاه اقتصادی نبوده، لذا تولید ناخالص داخلی سبز به عنوان یکی از معیارهای اندازهگیری رفاه اقتصادی معرفی میشود. هدف عمده تولید ناخالص داخلی سبز، اند...
Several nonpeptide small molecules were designed as potential inhibitors of HIV protease and their structures were constructed by computer-aided molecular modeling and docked iwo the active site of HIV protease. Models of the complexes of inhibitors and the HIV protease were refined using nonbonded and H-bonding terms. The refined energy of selected complexes showed that the designed inhib...
The present study investigates the mechanisms related to the endogenous nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation in the relaxant effects of a proanthocyanidin-rich fraction (PRF), obtained from Croton celtidifolius Baill barks, in rat thoracic aorta rings with endothelium. In vessels pre-contracted with phenylephrine (Phe), PRF (0.1 - 100 microg/mL) induced a concentration-dependent relaxation. ...
INTRODUCTION High quality sputum helps increase the sensitivity of the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficiency of the acoustic device (Lung Flute; LF) in sputum induction compared with the conventional method, hypertonic saline inhalation (HSI). METHODS In this crossover study, patients with presumed pulmonary tuberculosis submitted 3 consecutive sputa: th...
BACKGROUND Our aims were to compare coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and stenting for the treatment of diabetic patients with multivessel coronary disease enrolled in the Arterial Revascularization Therapy Study (ARTS) trial and to determine the costs of these 2 treatment strategies. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients (n=1205) were randomly assigned to stent implantation (n=600; diabetic, 112...
PURPOSE To determine the effects of creatine supplementation on blood lactate during incremental cycling exercise. METHODS Thirteen male subjects (M ± SD 23 ± 2 yr, 178.0 ± 8.1 cm, 86.3 ± 16.0 kg, 24% ± 9% body fat) performed a maximal, incremental cycling test to exhaustion before (Pre) and after (Post) 6 d of creatine supplementation (4 doses/d of 5 g creatine + 15 g glucose). Blood lactate...
Searching for data is one of the fundamental fields of computing. Often, the difference between a fast and slow one is the use of good algorithm for the data set. The efficiency of searching techniques used in a task will determine how fast such task can be completed. In this work, the efficiency of linear and binary searching techniques in terms of running time, memory usage and the numbers of...
Although the number of candidates on the kidney transplant waiting list at year-end rose from 40 825 to 76 070 (86%) between 1998 and 2007, recent growth principally reflects increases in the number of patients in inactive status. The number of active patients increased by 'only' 4510 between 2002 and 2007, from 44 263 to 48 773. There were 6037 living donor and 10 082 deceased donor kidney tra...
The relative importance of social evolution theories such as kin selection, direct reciprocity and need-based transfers in explaining real-world cooperation is the source of much debate. Previous field studies of cooperation in human communities have revealed variability in the extent to which each of these theories explains human sociality in different contexts. We conducted multivariate socia...
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