The ability to assess temporal structure is crucial in order to adapt to an ever-changing environment. Increasing evidence suggests that the supplementary motor area (SMA) is involved in both sensory and sensorimotor processing of temporal structure. However, it is not entirely clear whether the structural differentiation of the SMA translates into functional specialization, and how the SMA rel...

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by motor neuron degeneration, although defects in multiple cell types and tissues have also been implicated. Three independent laboratories recently identified immune organ defects in SMA. We therefore propose a novel pathogenic mechanism contributory to SMA, resulting in higher susceptibility to infection and exacerbated d...

In the past few years, extensive improvements have been accomplished in reinforcing the structures through using shape memory alloys (SMAs). These materials absorb or dissipate energy through establishing a reversible hysteresis loop during a cyclic mechanical loading. This unique characteristic of the SMAs has made them appropriate for sensing, actuation, absorbing the impact energy, and vibra...

Background Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), and Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) are two inherited disorders while they are genetically independent. TSC is characterized by the formation of multiple hamartomas in nearly all organs. SMA is a destructive neurological disorder leading to progressive muscular weakness and atrophy. Case Presentation</e...

spinal muscular atrophy (sma) is a common autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder caused by the loss of α-motor neurons in the spinal cord. the survival motor neuron (smn) protein is encoded by 2 genes, smn1 and smn2. the most frequent mutation is the biallelic deletion of exon 7 of the smn1 gene. smn2 cannot compensate for the loss of smn1, due to the exclusion of exon 7. carrier frequency ...

BACKGROUND To realize atraumatic vessel occlusion, a new hemostatic clamp using superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) as a pressure control limiter has been proposed. It was designed taking advantage of a unique mechanical property of SMA. The ability to control pressure with the newly designed SMA clamp was investigated. The traumatic effect on vessel walls was evaluated in order to confirm th...

OBJECTIVE To gain further insight into disease pathophysiologic process and potential adaptations through investigating whether cortical dysfunction or plasticity is a feature of spinal muscle atrophy (SMA). DESIGN Prospective, double-center study. SETTING Outpatient clinics and research institute. PARTICIPANTS Clinical assessments, combined with threshold-tracking transcranial magnetic s...

Proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common autosomal recessively inherited neuromuscular disorder determined by functional impairment of alpha-motor neurons within the spinal cord. SMA is caused by functional loss of the survival motor neuron gene 1 (SMN1), whereas disease severity is mainly influenced by the number of SMN2 copies. SMN2, which produces only low levels of full-length mRN...

superior mesenteric artery (sma) aneurysm is a rare disease. in this case report, we present a 32 years old woman who was admitted to our hospital with chronic abdominal pain. sma aneurysm was diagnosed after radiological evaluation. the patient underwent ligation of the superior mesenteric artery aneurysm and remained well 12 months after the surgery.