Proof of Observation 1. Before the proof, we remind that what we want to prove is the following statement: (∀ε ∈ R) ε > 0⇒ ((∃N ∈ N)(∀n ∈ N) n ≥ N ⇒ |an − x | < ε). To this end, choose arbitrary positive real ε > 0 and pick a positive rational ε′ with 0 < ε′ < ε by utilizing the Archimedean property. Then there exists N (depending on ε′ and hence on ε) such that j, k ≥ N ⇒ |a j − ak | < ε′. Now...

We give an efficient randomized algorithm for approximating an arbitrary element of SU(2) by a product of Clifford+T operators, up to any given error threshold ε > 0. Under a mild hypothesis on the distribution of primes, the algorithm’s expected runtime is polynomial in log(1/ε). If the operator to be approximated is a z-rotation, the resulting gate sequence has T -count K + 4 log 2 (1/ε), whe...

and Applied Analysis 3 where xi k , i 1, 2 stand for the density of the prey and the predator at time k, respectively. ui k , i 1, 2 are the control variables at time k. h2 is a positive constant, denoting the constant of capturing half-saturation. In this paper, we are concerned with the effects of the almost periodicity of ecological and environmental parameters and time delays on the global ...

The following is a proof which is independent of this characterisation. First assume that ‖ ‖ is non-archimedean. Let x, y ∈ K. Using that ‖ ‖ extends | | we then obtain |x + y| = ‖x + y‖ ≤ max{‖x‖, ‖y‖} = max{|x|, |y|} which shows that | | is non-archimedean. Now assume that | | is non-archimedean. Let x, y ∈ K̂. Let ε > 0. Since K is dense in K̂ there exist u, v ∈ K such that ‖x − u‖ < ε and ‖y...

Let P be a set of n points in R. In the projective clustering problem, given k, q and norm ρ ∈ [1,∞], we have to compute a set F of k q-dimensional flats such that ( ∑ p∈P d(p,F)) is minimized; here d(p,F) represents the (Euclidean) distance of p to the closest flat in F . We let f k (P, ρ) denote the minimal value and interpret f k (P,∞) to be maxr∈P d(r,F). When ρ = 1, 2 and ∞ and q = 0, the ...

We prove that for every convex body K with the center of mass at the origin and every ε ∈ ( 0, 12 ) , there exists a convex polytope P with at most eO(d)ε− d−1 2 vertices such that (1− ε)K ⊂ P ⊂ K.

Mohammad Zaki, MN State Univ, Mankato We define an algebraic number α as a root of an algebraic equation, a0∗x+a1∗x+· · ·+an−1∗x+an = 0 where ao, a1, · · · , an are rational integers, not all zero. We say α is an algebraic integer if a0 = 0. If an algebraic number α satisfies an algebraic equation of degree n with rational coefficients, and none of lower degree, then we say α is of degree n. If...

The drops are used to control the descents,  stabilize the bed level, and control the upstream water level in sloping channels with less slope than the ground slope. The current study presents a numerical analysis of hydraulic characteristics in the vertical drop using computational fluid dynamics. At first, the laboratory models were used for verification and choosing the best model of turbule...