Plant biomass is a potential resource of chemicals, new materials and biofuels that could reduce our dependency on fossil carbon, thus decreasing the greenhouse effect. However, due to its chemical and structural complexity, plant biomass is recalcitrant to green biological transformation by enzymes, preventing the establishment of integrated bio-refineries. In order to gain more knowledge in t...

The mechanical properties of free-standing electron beam deposited amorphous carbon structures have been studied using atomic force microscopy. The fabricated carbon blades are found to be extraordinarily flexible, capable of undergoing vertical deflection up to ∼ 75% of their total length without inelastic deformation. The elastic bending modulus of these structures was calculated to be 28 ± 1...

The measurement of combined copper has been used in a number of procedures for the quantitative determination of amino acids and peptides. Pope and Stevens (1) as well as Schroeder, Kay, and Mills (2) determined the combined copper iodometrically. Martin and Mittelmann (3) analyzed for copper with the polarograph. Woiwod (4) used the spectrophotometer to measure the color produced by the reacti...

for management override of controls. Auditors are discouraged from placing too much reliance on client representation and are required to maintain a skeptical attitude throughout the audit. The standard encourages auditors to engage in frequent discussion among engagement personnel regarding the risk of material misstatement due to fraud. SAS 99 also requires auditors to inquire of management a...