Explaining and understanding the external role of the European Union (EU) has been an under-researched aspect of theorizing about the EU. This article analyses the motivations and methods through which the EU and its member states attempt to regulate contact with international actors. Examining the EU’s contact with the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and more recently the Asia–...

Europe has long defied GATT/WTO rules on agricultural trade during adjudication of trade disputes, but agreed to major reforms of its agricultural policies in the Uruguay Round. Such variation in liberalization outcomes raises questions about when nations will delegate to international institutions and how EU institutions influence its trade policy. This paper focuses on the policy process to e...

The KMg4(PO4)3:Eu(2+) phosphor was prepared by the conventional high temperature solid-state reaction. The crystal structure, luminescence and reflectance spectra, thermal stability, quantum efficiency and the application for N-UV LED were studied respectively. The phase formation and crystal structure of KMg4(PO4)3:Eu(2+) were confirmed from the powder X-ray diffraction and the Rietveld refine...

Herein we describe the investigation of cubic spherical submicron particles of non-doped Y2O3 and Y2O3 doped with Eu 3+ in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) equipped with a spectrometer to detect cathodoluminescence from individual particles. Each submicron particle was made up of nanometre sized crystals. We found that these crystals showed a broad emission band at 353 nm upon bombardme...

Immigration from tuberculosis (TB) high-incidence countries is known to contribute notably to the TB burden in low-incidence countries. However, the effect of migration enabled by the free movement of persons within the European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA) on TB notification has not been analysed. We analysed TB surveillance data from 29 EU/EEA countries submitted for the years 2007...

Trivalent lanthanide (Eu(3+), Tb(3+) and Dy(3+)) ions activated tunable color emitting BaGd2O4 (BG) phosphors were synthesized by a facile Pechini-type sol-gel process. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the orthorhombic phase after annealing at 1300 °C for 5 h. Morphological studies were performed based on the analysis of transmission electron microscopy images, which showed needle type n...

in this study un-doped and eu-doped zno nanorods and microrads were fabricated by chemical vapor deposition (cvd) method. the effects of annealing, synthesis temperature and structure on structural and photoluminescence properties of eu-doped zno samples were studied in detail. prepared samples were characterized using x-ray diffraction (xrd), scanning electron microscopy (sem), particle size a...

SnO2 nanobelts (NBs) have unique structural and functional properties which attract great attention in gas detecting. In this work, Eu doping is adopted to improve the gas sensitivity of pure SnO2, especially to enhance the response to one single gas. The Eu-doped SnO2 NBs, pure-SnO2 NBs, and their single NB devices are fabricated by simple techniques. The sensing properties of the two sensors ...