Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) is a set of standards for digital television. DVB supports the encryption of a transmission using the Common Scrambling Algorithm (DVB-CSA). This is commonly used for PayTV or for other conditional access scenarios. While DVB-CSA support 64 bit keys, many stations use only 48 bits of entropy for the key and 16 bits are used as a checksum. In this paper, we outli...

We study existentially closed CSA-groups. We prove that existentially closed CSA-groups without involutions are simple and divisible, and that their maximal abelian subgroups are conjugate. We also prove that every countable CSA-group without involutions embeds into a finitely generated one having the same maximal abelian subgroups, except maybe the infinite cyclic ones. We deduce from this tha...

Background: Spermatozoa are germ cells that have a pivotal role at fertilisation. Infertility is a problem with a large magnitude. Sperm damages are one of the factors that cause infertility. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2−U) or molecules and/or hydroxyl radical (UOH) affect both male and female gametes. Cyclosporine A (CsA), a neutral lipophil...

Background: Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a nephrotoxic immunosuppressive drug. Antioxidants might attenuate its toxicity. In the present study, the effects of vitamin E and quercetin on the morphology of kidney in CsA-treated rats were investigated. Methods: Six groups of rats were used in this gavage feeding study either for 4 or 8 weeks. Groups 1 and 2 received either olive oil or 25% ethanol in o...

background: cyclosporine a (csa) is a powerful immunosuppressive agent, which is used for the prevention of allograft rejection and for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.  many transplant recipients must take this medicine for the rest of their lives.  females in reproductive age group on prolonged csa therapy have legitimate concerns about drug effects on pregnancy.   objective: to explore ...

background although the immunosuppressant cyclosporine (csa) is widely used after kidney transplantation over the long term, there is still no firm consensus on the best way to monitor of csa blood levels. objectives cyclosporine (csa) assay is critical for the management of renal transplant recipients due to inter– and intra–patient variation in csa absorption and metabolism. patients and meth...