The serine protease granzyme B (GrB) induces apoptosis through both caspase-dependent and -independent multiple-cascade mechanisms. VEGF₁₂₁ binds to both VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-1 and VEGFR-2 receptors. We engineered a unique GrB/VEGF₁₂₁ fusion protein and characterized its properties in vitro and in vivo. Endothelial and tumor cell lines showed varying levels of sensitivity to GrB/VEGF₁₂₁ that c...

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have long been proposed as a complementary probe to type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and cosmic microwave background explore the expansion history of high-redshift universe, mainly because they are bright enough be detected at greater distances. Although lack definite physical explanations, many empirical correlations between GRB isotropic energy/luminosity some directly dete...

OBJECTIVE Granzyme B (GrB) is a pro-apoptotic serine protease that contributes to immune-mediated target cell apoptosis. However, during inflammation, GrB accumulates in the extracellular space, retains its activity, and is capable of cleaving extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Recent studies have implicated a pathogenic extracellular role for GrB in cardiovascular disease, yet the pathophysi...

As one of the most energetic and brightest events, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) can be treated as a promising probe high-redshift universe. Similar to type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), GRBs with same physical origin could standard candles. We select GRB samples origin, which are divided into two groups. One group is consisted 31 plateau phase feature constant luminosity followed by decay index about -2 i...

We model the radio, optical, and X-ray emission for the afterglows of GRB 980703, 990123, 990510, and 991216, within the framework of relativistic jets, to determine their physical parameters. The models that yield acceptable fits to the data have jet energies mostly between 10 to 10 erg and initial opening angles between 1 and 4. The external medium density is uncertain by at least one order o...

With the successful launch of the Swift Gamma-ray Burst Explorer, a rich trove of early X-ray afterglow data has been collected by its on-board X-Ray Telescope (XRT). Some interesting features are emerging, including a distinct rapidly decaying component preceding the conventional afterglow component in many sources, a shallow decay component before the more “normal” decay component observed in...

Granzyme-mediated cell death is the main pathway for cytotoxic lymphocytes to kill virus-infected and tumour cells. A major player in this process is GrB (granzyme B), which triggers apoptosis in both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. A caspase-independent substrate of GrB is the highly conserved transmembrane receptor Notch1. The GrB cleavage sites in Notch1 and functional co...

Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) are extremely energetic pulses of millisecond duration and unknown origin. In order to understand the phenomenon that emits these pulses, targeted untargeted searches have been performed for multi-wavelength counterparts, including optical. The objective this work is search optical transients at position 8 well-localized FRBs, after arrival burst on different time-scale...