We presume that the reader understands conventional radiography in which photographic methods capture radiographic images. Typically, a patient is positioned between an x-ray source and a film/screen cassette. The cassette contains an intensifying screen which, when exposed to radiation, emits light which exposes a photographic emulsion. The photographic film can be developed to provide an imag...

according to circumstance of kerman sarcheshmeh cooper complex that its anode slime is mainly consisted of cu, ag, au, pb and se. in this work, recovery of silver from anode slime and subsequent synthesis of silver nanoparticles from leaching solution was made. silver was separated from anode slime by using of hno3 and hcl. x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (xrf) was used to characterize anode sl...

An x-ray focusing crystal von Hamos spectrometer was developed using mica and graphite cylindrical crystals (radius of curvature R=20 mm) with a CCD linear array detector. The commercial CCD (Toshiba model TCD 1304AP) used for x-ray detection has 3724 pixels (8 μm width and 200 μm height) giving a total length of ~30 mm. The CCD detector was absolutely calibrated using laser-produced plasmas. T...

In this paper models for the relation of specular density to incident (x-ray) intensity with uncertainties are applied to experimental data, indicating methods for the correction of additional effects. Linearization and error calculations are simplified by double linear interpolation, and the effect of this is quantified. Relative first-order intensities are determined directly. Secondary linea...

A software package, incorporating two computational patient phantoms, has been developed for optimizing X-ray radiographic imaging. A tomographic phantom, visible photographic Man tomographic phantom (VIP-Man), constructed from Visible Human anatomical color images is used to simulate the scattered portion of an X-ray system using the Electron Gamma Shower National Research Council (EGSnrc) Mon...

How does it work? During a mammogram, a patient’s breast is placed on a flat support plate and compressed with a parallel plate called a paddle. An x-ray machine produces a small burst of x-rays that pass through the breast to a detector located on the opposite side. The detector can be either a photographic film plate, which captures the x-ray image on film, or a solid-state detector, which tr...

In 1896 W.C. Röntgen announced the discovery of the potential of an at that time yet unknown type of radiation to penetrate materials and to cause opacification of photographic plates (after development). It turned out that various biological tissues attenuated this radiation differently such that the generation of projections of the human body onto a photographic plate was possible (Fig. 1.1)....

Technological inventions and developments have created new possibilities and breakthroughs in medical era. The classic example is the discovery of X-rays by W.C. Roentgen, one hundred years ago. The first dawning rays appeared quite literally just before the beginning of the 20th century. In 1895 a German physicist named Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen accidentally discovered a form of radiation that c...

High-resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRCT) is a non-invasive approach to 3D visualization and quantification of biological structure. The data, based on differential X-ray attenuation, are analogous to those otherwise obtainable only by serial sectioning. Requiring no fixing, sectioning or staining, HRCT produces a 3D digital map of the specimen that allows measurements and visualizations...