This report describes the development of grade norms for timed-writing performance in two modes of writing: persuasive and descriptive. These norms are based on objective and automatically computed measures of writing quality in grammar, usage, mechanics, style, vocabulary, organization, and development. These measures are also used in the automated essay scoring system e-rater V.2. Norms were ...

OBJECTIVES Establishing similarities and differences between the performance of children from higher socioeconomic strata (4 and 5) attending kindergartens and those from low socioeconomic strata (1 and 2) concerning writing, notation, mode of production and style of speech. METHODS A set of initial and emergent writing assessment (IEWA) tasks were compared to evaluate three aspects of knowle...

This paper describes the adaptation and writing process of writers who have started using speech recognition systems for writing business texts. The writers differ in their previous writing experience. They either have previous classical dictating experience or they are used to writing their texts with a word processor. To gather the process data for this study we chose complementary research m...

ESL students who write in English may present written material in a rhetorical and organizational mode that reflects the pattern which is valued in their native culture and rhetoric. Considering the violation of English code of writing in the writings of Iranian students, we will notice one common characteristic: They are reluctant (or ignorant of) to write a unified paragraph. Their writing co...

This paper proposes a new sub-threshold low power 9T static random-access memory (SRAM) cell compatible with bit interleaving structure in which the effective sizing adjustment of access transistors in write mode is provided  by isolating writing and reading paths. In the proposed cell, we consider a weak inverter to make better write mode operation. Moreover applying boosted word line feature ...

The availability of a large sample database is very important to design high accuracy classifiers for handwritten character recognition. Collecting image samples from human writers and practical documents is expensive particularly for large character sets, like with East-Asia-languages. We can therefore take advantage of existing on-line databases to generate additional off-line images. This pa...