background: given the high prevalence of addiction in iran and its social and health problems, addiction is considered as one of the few national health priority. this study compared the views of addicts and their families about the causes of drug abuse that referred to addiction centers in khorramabad, iran. methods: this cross-sectional study was conducted on addicts and their families who re...

This paper reviews the relationship between international migration and human development. First, it reviews what we know about the factors that drive migration from developing to developed countries. Second, it reviews existing knowledge about the impact of international migration and remittances on the economic and human development of migrants’ source countries. These first two sections of t...

Pursuit and distance is actually a circle of stages with each partner's behavior triggering that of the other. The pursuing partner, frustrated by the withdrawn partner's unresponsiveness, shifts from pursuing to attacking. The withdrawn partner defends him/herself and in some cases attacks back, producing a third stage, attack-defend, followed by the fourth stage in which the partners, feeling...

During marital conflict, wives tend to demand and husbands tend to withdraw. These behaviors were historically thought to stem from essential differences between men and women. An alternative explanation implicates one form of power differences-wives desire more change and, therefore, demand; husbands desire less change and withdraw to maintain status quo. Studying same-sex as well as cross-sex...

Serotonin is a fundamental neuromodulator in both vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems, with a suspected role in many human mental disorders. Yet, because of the complexity of serotonergic function, researchers have been unable to agree on a general theory. One function suggested for serotonin systems is the avoidance of threat. We propose and review evidence for an alternative hypothesi...