The non-hydrostatic mesoscale model MM5V3 is used to simulate the wind and temperature fields of the atmospheric boundary layer over Beijing area in summer with the mesh resolution of 1 km. The simulation results show that the numerical model can successfully simulate the urban heat island effect and the wind and temperature fields which are affected by the complicated topography and urban heat...

The early-to-mid Pliocene (3–5.3 Ma) is the most recent geologic period of significant global warmth. Proxy records of Pliocene sea surface temperature (SST) indicate significant and still unexplained warm anomalies of 3∘C–9∘C in midlatitude eastern boundary currents, where present-day cool temperatures are maintained by wind-driven upwelling. Here we quantify the effect of large-scale Pliocene...

Understanding some of the basic wind engineering concepts helps one understand the chimney’s response. The circular cross section of the steel chimney characteristically provides aerodynamic lift perpendicular to the wind direction. Knowing how to predict and prevent these adverse responses is of critical importance to steel chimney design. I. STATIC WIND FORCES The force exerted by wind varies...

Indian Ocean is known as a source of moisture for southeast of Iran due to summer precipitation. In this study, in order to investigate the role of SST of Indian Ocean, and the convergence and divergence fields in the precipitation of southeast of Iran, precipitation data of five synoptic stations were used during 2000-2010, including Iranshahr, Khash, ChahBahar, Zabul, and Saravan. To investig...

Tropical instability waves (TIWs) are detected in remotely-sensed sea surface height (SSH), temperature (SST), and wind records of the eastern equatorial Pacific. Analyses of TIW anomaly relationships reveal strong dynamical influence of TIWs within approximately 5 of the equator. The first influence is advective heat flux. The primary forcing of TIW SST anomalies is advection of the meridional...

A cloud-resolving model coupled to an ocean model with high vertical resolution is used to investigate air– sea interactions in 10-day long simulations. Modeled fields showed good agreement with two different convective regimes during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Research Experiment (TOGA COARE) Intensive Observing Period. The model simulates the formation of pr...

The present author treated tentatively the relation between the wind speeds in the wind wave scale 3 and the surface water temperatures in an open sea using the data of oceanographical observations taken at the Ocean Weather Station " X " (39°N, 153°E) in the North Pacific Ocean in view of the foaming of sea water, and the following results were obtained : 1) The general features of the frequen...

In regions of strong sea surface temperature (SST) gradients, the surface "geostrophic" currents have a vertical shear aligned with the surface density front defined by the temperature. This surface geostrophic ("thermal wind") shear can balance a portion of the surface wind stress, altering the classic Ekman response to wind forcing. Here we show that these frontal effects cannot be ignored in...

Radiometers are adept at retrieving near surface ocean wind vectors. The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) launched the WindSat polarimetric radiometer with five frequency channels to observe the sea surface and test its ability to accurately measure the wind in various weather conditions. This study focuses on its performance in extreme conditions – the high wind and heavy precipitation of a tro...

This paper examines the effects of soil moisture initialization in a coupled air quality–meteorological model on temperature profiles, wind speeds, and pollutant concentrations. Three simulations, each with different initial soil moisture fields, were run. In the baseline simulation, predicted temperatures, wind speeds, and gas/aerosol pollutant concentrations accurately matched observations. I...