Researchers are calling for a strengthening of the Antarctic Treaty in the face of expected growth in the search for organisms on the continent that may provide lucrative material for biotechnology companies. The call comes because of the background of scientific collaboration that has been in place for more than 40 years which has helped maintain an almost unique international collaboration to...

It is the position of the American College of Sports Medicine that exercise can be performed safely in most cold-weather environments without incurring cold-weather injuries. The key to prevention is use of a comprehensive risk management strategy that: a) identifies/assesses the cold hazard; b) identifies/ assesses contributing factors for cold-weather injuries; c) develops controls to mitigat...

Temperature and its variants, such as polynomials and lags, have been the most frequently-used weather variables in load forecasting models. Some of the well-known secondary driving factors of electricity demand include wind speed and cloud cover. Due to the increasing penetration of distributed energy resources, the net load is more and more affected by these non-temperature weather factors. T...

Because of the differences between indoor and outdoor thermal condition, preparing some outdoor thermal indices is a way to understand and categorize the outdoor thermal sensation. The aim of these indices is not to provide thermal comfort - as it is the aim of indoor indices. Instead, they are provided to analyze outdoor thermal sensation to help architects, landscape architects and urban desi...

AIMS To investigate the lagged effects of cold temperature on cardiorespiratory mortality and to determine whether "wind chill" is a better predictor of these effects than "dry bulb" temperature. METHODS Generalised linear Poisson regression models were used to investigate the relation between mortality and "dry bulb" and "wind chill" temperatures in the three largest Scottish cities (Glasgow...

The objective of the present study was to define the risk and the time required to develop frostnip on the face during exposure to cold winds. Twelve subjects (6 males and 6 females) were exposed to sixteen 45 min tests where the wind intensity varied between 0, 16 and 32 km/h. The tests were conducted at 0, -10, -20, -30, -40 and –50°C (only 0 km/h wind was present at -50°C). During the tests,...