rice production in most of asian countries has been increased more rapidly than population and this has been led to increase in supply and proportionately decrease in the real price of rice in world and domestic markets. furthermore, together with growth in production and national gross income of the country per-capita income has been increased and also demand for rice at national and internati...

At the micro perspectives, many studies have identified total shipment quantity, wholesale price at previous day, national holiday effect, as the variables affecting the wholesale price level of stored apple. However, the report of production volume effect at a given year on wholesale price level from the point of macro perspectives in practice, especially in agricultural industry, has been rel...

in this article, we estimate the vertical price transmission through the iranian rice marketing chain by usingmonthly data from march 2000 to february, 2009 and error correction model (ecm).the causality testresults indicate that changes in the producer price clearly led changes in wholesale and retail prices. inproducer-retail and wholesale-retail models, price transmission is asymmetric but i...

This study proposes a novel option-revenue sharing coordination contract framework. In the proposed model, the retailer determines the number of order sales effort. The manufacturer sets the price of products for the wholesale strategy. The investigated supply chain problem analyzes the results of different strategies. In the proposed coordination contract problem, two types of games including ...

Changes in production cost always lead to changes in wholesale and retail price. How to adjust the wholesale price, retail price and order quantity in order to derive an optimal strategy for the supplier and the retailer is one of the most perplexing problems. The purpose of this study is to develop a strategy to maximize the expected profit by simultaneously determining the adjustment ratio o...

Asymmetric pricing is the phenomenon where prices rise more readily than they fall. We articulate, and provide empirical support for, a theory of asymmetric pricing in wholesale prices. In particular, we show how wholesale prices may be asymmetric in the small but symmetric in the large, when retailers face costs of price adjustments. Such retailers will not adjust prices for small changes in t...

We consider a supply chain in which a manufacturer sells to a procure-to-stock retailer facing a newsvendor problem with a forecast update. Under a wholesale price contract, the retailer waits as long as she can and optimally places her order after observing the forecast update. We show that the retailer’s wait-and-decide strategy, induced by the wholesale price contract, hinders the manufactur...

Many markets for homogeneous goods feature market power and heterogeneity in the prices paid by buyers. Search costs are a common explanation for this phenomenon and are a concern as they generate inefficiencies. In this paper, I study a competitive market for homogeneous goods and, by exploiting a unique dataset, I find three facts that are opposite to what one would expect from a market with ...

the price volatility spillover effect indicates that price volatility in different markets can be mutually affected. the objective of the study is to analyze volatility price spillover effects on the vertical levels including input, wholesale and retail sale levels in the tehran beef supply chain. the multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (mvgarch) model was used b...