despite the lack of a clear understanding of the relationships of eastern and southeastern arabia with different iranian regions during pre-sassanian era and the paucity of written evidence from this period, the huge corpus of archaeological evidence obtained from this region and the few available historical documents show that the region maintained close contacts with iran and was under legal ...

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This article examines the Greek noun σαγγάνδης ‘messenger’ which is attested in two lexica, dated to Roman or early Byzantine periods: Cambridge Rhetorical Lexicon by an anonymous author and Difficult Words Attic Orators Claudius Casilo. In both works, appears together with three words of likely Iranian provenance: ὀροσάγγης ‘benefactor Persian king; bodyguard’, παρασάγγης ‘parasang; messenger’...

hellenism is a part of iran’s historical period. this era starts with the devastating onslaught of alexander, the macedonian warlord. our historical sources introduce alexander with a collection of mythic-historical features which make us visualize the real alexander with an ambiguous image. the conflicting viewpoints of eastern and western historical works in pre-islamic periods can be the rea...

the present study is investigating the role and situation of women in parthian period. the role of women in parthian era based on archaeological evidences and historical literatures is unknown. the literature had a brief look to this and even leading to the misunderstanding. such literatures concerning generally to the women and their personal attributes in the court like political marriages. i...