As the number of commercial and consumer products containing engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) continually rises, the increased use and production of these ENMs presents an important toxicological concern. Although ENMs offer a number of advantages over traditional materials, their extremely small size and associated characteristics may also greatly enhance their toxic potentials. ENM exposure ca...

Identifying the toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) is an important area of research as the number of nanomaterial-based consumer and industrial products continually rises. In addition, the potential inflammatory effects resulting from pulmonary NP exposure are emerging as an important aspect of nanotoxicity. In this study, the toxicity and inflammatory state resulting from tungsten carbide-cobalt ...

This study investigates the effect of carbide particle size on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and abrasive wear resistance of WC-17%Co HVOF-sprayed coatings. The characteristics of WC-1, WC-2, and WC-3 coatings with carbide sizes of 1 µm, 0.9 µm, and 0.5 µm, respectively, were also investigated. WC-1 coating experienced the maximum carbon loss of 42%, while WC-2 and WC-3 coatings un...

In the frq-wc-based circadian feedback loops of Neurospora, two PAS domain-containing transcription factors, WHITE COLLAR-1 (WC-1) and WC-2, form heterodimeric complexes that activate the transcription of frequency (frq). FRQ serves two roles in these feedback loops: repressing its own transcription by interacting with the WC complex and positively upregulating the levels of WC-1 and WC-2 prote...

The basic algorithm is derived from the weak-commitment algorithm (WC) of Yokoo [17], which has been shown to outperform breakout and min-conflict backtracking on certain classes of problems. Weakcommitment search is that part of WC which results from removing the learning mechanism; this will be called WC-NL. WC-NL is coupled with learning-by-merging to form the new algorithm WC-NG. Experiment...

Interlocked feedback loops may represent a common feature among the regulatory systems controlling circadian rhythms. The Neurospora circadian feedback loops involve white collar-1 (wc-1), wc-2, and frequency (frq) genes. We show that WC-1 and WC-2 proteins activate the transcription of frq gene, whereas FRQ protein plays dual roles: repressing its own transcription, probably by interacting wit...