We give a comprehensive theoretical treatment for calculating the viewshed of a given point, present an analytical solution to the viewshed problem and a new algorithm for finding the viewshed on a triangulated terrain. We implement our algorithm on a real terrain. Some algorithms make use of the horizon information of the terrain to calculate viewshed. The vertices of the horizon of the terrai...

Horseshoe waterfalls are ubiquitous in natural streams, bedrock canyons, and engineering structures. Nevertheless, water flow patterns upstream of horseshoe waterfalls are poorly known and likely differ from the better studied case of a one-dimensional linear step because of flow focusing into the horseshoe. This is a significant knowledge gap because the hydraulics at waterfalls controls sedim...

In this paper we have proposed a method of solving the computer graphic problem creating Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) surface in large clouds order to create viewsheds. The is based on radial TIN and viewshed visualization task subdivision using multiple computing machines, which intended accelerate process generating complete viewshed.

Waterfalls may affect fish distribution and genetic structure within drainage networks even to the extent of leading evolutionary events. Here, parallel evolution was studied by focusing on waterfall and the landlocked freshwater goby Rhinogobius sp. YB (YB), which evolved from amphidromous R. brunneus (BR). The fish fauna was surveyed at 30 sites in 11 rivers on Iriomote Island, Japan, the geo...

Waterfalls commonly exist near bounding faults of mountain ranges, where erosional bedrock catchments transition to depositional alluvial fans. We hypothesize that aggradation on alluvial fans can bury active faults, and that the faults accumulate slip in the subsurface to produce a bedrock scarp. Following entrenchment of the alluvial fan, the scarp can be exposed as a waterfall. To explore th...

Bedrock rivers set the pace of landscape adjustment to tectonic and climatic forcing by transmitting signals of base-level change upstream through the channel network and ultimately to hillslopes. River incision is typically modeled as a monotonic function of bed shear stress or stream power, modulated by sediment tools and cover effects, but these models do not apply in channels with steep or ...