This essay provides a cohesive overview of the work I have undertaken during my first year as a research student at the University of Nottingham, funded jointly by the School of Computer Science & IT and the Department of Philosophy. Current research, including the compilation of this essay, is funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Board (AHRB). The essay is organised as follows. The first...

“Biodiversity offsetting” is a novel approach to nature conservation, through which it is intended to dissociate economic development from negative biodiversity impacts. Biodiversity offsets involve the quantification of the predicted biodiversity losses associated with a given development project, and subsequently, the provision of full ecological compensation measures elsewhere by the associa...

human activities in the recent years have considerably increased the rate of water pollution in many regions of the world. in this case study, the main sources of wastewater discharging into the gargar river were identified. using river and point source flow rates and water quality parameters measured along the river, the river water quality was simulated using a commonly used, one-dimensional ...