background: the effect of ovariectomy and accompanying sudden loss of circulating gonad hormones on spatial learning performance in the young adult rats was examined. we hypothesized that spatial learning and memory in a considerable number of women who undergo a surgical menopause and estrogen deprivation before their natural menopause be impaired. methods: in this study, we used 26 wistar rat...

introduction: the role of ovarian hormones and nitric oxide (no) on oxidative damage in brain tissues as well as learning and memory has been widely investigated.the present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the precursor of no, l-arginine on learning and brain damage due to oxidative stress in ovariectomized (ovx) rats.methods: thirty -two rats were divided into four groups: 1) s...

androgens have been shown to affect cognitive aspects of spatial memory. testosterone which is the most important androgen, plays a role in the organization of behavior during development. also, it has been shown that androgens cause sex related differences in learning and memory especially during neonatal period. in the current study, we assessed the effects of castration and testosterone enan...

An experiment involving 120 pigs, with four pigs randomly selected from each of 30 litters, was conducted to determine the relationship between avoidance learning and water-maze learning, and to determine which pattern or patterns in a water-maze would reflect maximum differences in learning ability. Decreases in total errors and total latency indicated learning occurred on the non-alternating ...

angiotensin-ii is a multifunctional hormone that regulates blood pressure, plasma volume, neuronal functions, electrolyte balance, thrust and various other vital mechanisms. it acts through its receptors at 1 and at 2 . the involvement of angiotensin-ii and its receptors in cognition is still ambiguous. therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of angiotensin-ii (2 μg/...

Mouse models have been indispensable for elucidating normal and pathological processes that influence learning and memory. A widely used method for assessing these cognitive processes in mice is the Morris water maze, a classic test for examining spatial learning and memory. However, Morris water maze studies with mice have principally been performed using adult animals, which preclude studies ...

The existence of sex differences in the standard rat and mouse models of learning and memory is a controversial and contested topic in the literature. The present meta-analysis of radial maze and water maze experiments was conducted to assess the reliablility and magnitude of sex effects in the standard rodent models of learning and memory. Data were culled from published and unpublished source...

previous studies have shown that caffeine has beneficial effects on cognitive impairment in sleep deprived male rats. therefore in the present study, we examined the effects of chronic caffeine administration on learning and memory impairments induced by sleep deprivation (sd) in the intact and ovarectomized (ovx) female rats. two sets of animals including intact and ovx were randomly recruited...