Three methods of warming intravenous (IV) fluids were examined. An in-line blood warmer was generally ineffective at flow rates of < 250 mL/hr but did produce temperatures of 30 to 31 degrees C at the catheter when the infusion rate was 500 to 1,000 mL/hr and the tubing was insulated. An in-line hot water bath produced temperatures of > or = 30 degrees C at flow rates of 200 to 1,000 mL/hr with...

In recent years, the problem of association rule mining in transactional data has been well studied. We propose to extend the discovery of classical association rules to the discovery of association rules of conjunctive queries in arbitrary relational data, inspired by the Warmr algorithm, developed by Dehaspe and Toivonen, that discovers association rules over a limited set of conjunctive quer...

BACKGROUND We used warming fluid for maintenance of body temperature in operating room or intensive care unit. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of infusion rate and catheter length on the temperature of warming fluid. METHODS Normal saline was used for testing infusion and temperature of infusion was maintained by a warmer as 40. The temperatures of solution in infusion line wer...

UNLABELLED Cases involving massive blood transfusion may require the use of specialized blood warmers, such as the Level 1 (L-1) (Level 1 Technologies, Inc., Rockland, MA) or the Rapid Infusion System (RIS) (Haemonetics Corp., Braintree, MA). In this in vitro study, we compared the infusion and warming capabilities of the L-1 (model 1000) versus the RIS using pediatric- and adult-sized IV cathe...

Climate change is profoundly affecting the evolutionary trajectory of individual species and ecological communities, in part through the creation of novel species assemblages. How climate change will influence competitive interactions has been an active area of research. Far less attention, however, has been given to altered reproductive interactions. Yet, reproductive interactions between form...