Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has emerged as an effective tool for estimating active layer thickness (ALT) and volumetric water content (VWC) within the active layer. In August 2013, we conducted a series of GPR and probing surveys using a 500 MHz antenna and metallic probe around Barrow, Alaska. We collected about 15 km of GPR data and 1.5 km of probing data. Here, we describe the GPR data pr...

China possesses large areas of plantation forests which take up great quantities of carbon. However, studies on soil respiration in these plantation forests are rather scarce and their soil carbon flux remains an uncertainty. In this study, we used an automatic chamber system to measure soil surface flux of a 50-year-old mature plantation of Platycladus orientalis at Jiufeng Mountain, Beijing, ...

Identified buccal neurons in the mollusc Pleurobranchaea were stimulated and recorded intracellularly while recording the resultant identified motor program from buccal muscles (reduced preparation) or nerves (isolated central nervous system). Neurons studied included the ventral white cell (VWC), members of the anterior ventral (AV) population, and interneuron B3. Each of these neurons elicite...

Assessment of vegetation water content is critical for monitoring vegetation condition, detecting plant water stress, assessing the risk of forest fires and evaluating water status for irrigation. The main objective of this study was to investigate the performance of various monoand multi-variate statistical methods for estimating vegetation water content (VWC) from hyper-spectral data. Hyper-s...

We use prior theory and experimental results to construct a quantitative relationship between soil moisture and the penetration depth of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) microwaves at L-, C-, and X-bands. This relationship is nonlinear and indicates that a change of 5% volumetric water content (VWC) can cause between 1 and 50 mm of change in C-band penetration depth depending on initial VWC. Beca...

Assessing vegetation water content (VWC) from hyperspectral reflectance dataset poses two foremost questions: what specific wavebands of the SWIR offer a good retrieval and what modeling methods have the best predictive ability. In this paper, we explored the application of multivariate statistical techniques such as stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) and partial least square regression...

1. The ventral white cells (VWC's) of the buccal ganglion of Pleurobranchaea, so named for their position and color, are a bilateral pair of neuron somata. Each sends a single axon out its contralateral stomatogastric nerve and has a dendritic field originating close to the soma. 2. The vwcs exhibit spontaneous episodes of prolonged depolarization (duration 1--4 min) accompanied by repetitive a...

*Deep root water uptake in tropical Amazonian forests has been a major discovery during the last 15 yr. However, the effects of extended droughts, which may increase with climate change, on deep soil moisture utilization remain uncertain. *The current study utilized a 1999-2005 record of volumetric water content (VWC) under a throughfall exclusion experiment to calibrate a one-dimensional model...

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are secreted protein hormones that act as morphogens and exert essential roles during embryonic development of tissues and organs. Signaling by BMPs occurs via hetero-oligomerization of two types of serine/threonine kinase transmembrane receptors. Due to the small number of available receptors for a large number of BMP ligands ligand-receptor promiscuity prese...

Field monitoring of volumetric soil water content (VWC) is critical for a variety of applications. Recently developed electronic soil water sensors provide a relatively inexpensive monitoring option. However, the calibration of these sensors is more sensitive to variations in soil properties than for time domain reflectometry (TDR), which is generally regarded as the best electronic means of VW...