INTRODUCTION Canola, which is genetically modified (GM) for tolerance to glyphosate, has the potential to become established as a new glyphosate resistant weed, thus reducing the effectiveness of glyphosate. METHODS Volunteer from dormant canola seeds produced thousands of plants per hectare in the fourth year (2011) following a 2007 crop harvest. This occurred with no additional canola seed ...

Coexistence between genetically modified (GM) and non-GM plants is a field of rapid development and considerable controversy. In crops, it is increasingly important to understand and predict the GM volunteer emergence in subsequent non-GM crops. Theoretical models suggest recruitment from the seedbank over extended periods, but empirical evidence matching these predictions has been scarce. Here...

I trace how the American Society for Cell Biology became a strong political advocate for the scientific community. I celebrate how good leadership and an effective staff enabled its energetic volunteer organization to have an impact, but I also ask how the effort can be made more successful.

Mesotrione is an effective herbicide for volunteer potato control but is not selective in several crops, including onion and carrot. Studies were conducted in 2006 to evaluate the effectiveness of wiper-applied mesotrione for control of volunteer potato in a potato crop. Surprisingly, nontreated potatoes growing adjacent to mesotrione-treated plants exhibited bleaching symptoms resembling mesot...

The magnitude-9.0 Great East Japan Earthquake, which struck at 14:46 JST on March 11, 2011, was the largest ever recorded in Japan. Strong quakes were felt not only in Tohoku, the closest region to the epicenter, but also nationwide from Hokkaido to Kyushu. This exceptional event was followed by huge tsunami waves that severely damaged the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, which consequent...

Gene flow exposed by genetically engineered crops Gene flow is the transfer of genes between populations of the same or related species. The exchange between crop cultivars of genes selected by traditional breeding that confer characteristics such as shorter stems, higher yield, or increased seed quality will attract little attention. In the same way, crop-weed hybrids having acquired traits su...

OBJECTIVES To determine if the curvilinear relationship between age and voluntary association memberships is due to compositional differences between age groups. METHODS Data are drawn from 12 nationally representative surveys covering the period 1974-1994 and including items on membership in 16 types of associations. Age is categorized into 14 groups ranging from 18-24 through 85+. Patterns ...

We find that a process of voluntary association where individuals express a preference about whom they want to be associated with can create strong incentives to increase efficiency and contributions in provision of a public good. This process of endogenous group formation perfectly sorted contributions by the order of group formation. Comparison of middle and last period behaviour suggests tha...

Public-resource computing (PRC) projects use volunteered computational resources in order to accomplish some goal [1]. Because the projects are so computationally intensive and only a small percentage of the public participates in them, improvements in efficiency are very important. One way to improve the efficiency of PRC projects is to decrease the amount of time wasted duplicating work unnec...