Vitamin K is required for the hepatic production of blood coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X. The term vitamin K refers to a variety of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1, 4-naphthoquinone derivatives. Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) occurs in green plants, while vitamin K2 (menaquinone) is synthesized by microbial in the gut. The recommended dose of vitamin K in neonates is 1 mg intramuscularly. For infants...

backgrounds: vitamin d deficiency is a public health concern even in sunny areas, so we decided to assess the prevalence of vitamin d deficiency and its related factors among university students in shiraz. methods: this cross‑sectional study was carried out on 254 (128 male and 126 female) university students. demographic questionnaires and a questionnaire on exposure to sun light and sun prote...

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is an essential coenzyme for nucleic acid synthesis. Animal protein is the major dietary source of vitamin B12. Deficiency of vitamin B12 leads to megaloblastic anemia, degeneration of the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and abnormalities of epithelial tissues. Two factors are necessary for the cure of megaloblastic anemia: one in food (extrinsic factor) and one i...

background: oxidative stress (os) in the follicular environment may affect on oocyte competence and antioxidant vitamins may modify its effects. objective: this study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary intake of vitamin a, c and e on os in follicular environment and assisted reproduction technology (art) outcomes. materials and methods: in this obsevationalprospective study, the int...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is a complex neurological disease and its prevalence is about 2 million in the world. neuroinflammation plays a key role in ms. vitamins are essential nutrients that have effective role on immune system including activation of lymphocyte and differentiation of t-helper cell. vitamin d is a micronutrient that is effective on immune function. deficiently of vitamin d is a ...

introduction: vitamin d has an important role in maintaining human health. the main source of vitamin d production is skin exposure to sunlight. accordingly with the spread of apartment life culture, growth of industrial cities and the increase of air pollution; vitamin d deficiency and its implications is an important factor in the appearance of debilitating diseases in different age categorie...

Vitamin D is important for the development, growth, and mineralization of the skeletal in neonates and children. Vitamin D is essential for intestinal absorption of calcium. Vitamin D is metabolized to 25-hydroxyvitamin D and then to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Pregnant women in developed countries often have insufficient serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and a supplementation of vitamin...

hyperandrogenism affects 2-6% of all women. hypertension is one of disturbances which is related to androgen excess. higher intakes of vitamin c and vitamin e have been associated with lower blood pressure. tho investigate the effect of these vitamin supplementation on blood pressure in hyperandrogenic women, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was designed on 56 women 18-54 ye...

background: it seems that serum vitamin d levels are one of the potential environmental factors affecting the severity of multiple sclerosis (ms). in this study, we aim to evaluate vitamin d levels in ms patients and healthy subjects and assess the relationship between vitamin d level and disability. methods: in this case-control study, 168 rapid relapsing ms patients and 168 matched healthy co...

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) is a potent and natural antioxidant. Vitamin E is concentrated from soybean oil. The Committee on Fetus and Newborn of the Academy of the American of Pediatrics endorsed 1 to 2 mg/dl as the normal range of serum tocopherol level. Human infants are born with low stores of vitamin E, thus they require an adequate intake of vitamin E soon after birth. The optimum intra...