This paper proposes grammars for visual languages. The proposed grammars introduce relations into the constraint multiset grammars[4J. Relations are the constraints on the relationships among symbols in visual languages. The proposed grammars. which are called constraint relation multiset grammars. have the relations as the first class citizens of the grammars because the relationships among sy...

Recent research has demonstrated that handwriting practice facilitates letter categorization in young children. The present experiments investigated why handwriting practice facilitates visual categorization by comparing two hypotheses: That handwriting exerts its facilitative effect because of the visual-motor production of forms, resulting in a direct link between motor and perceptual systems...

Recent research has demonstrated that handwriting practice facilitates letter categorization in young children. The present experiments investigated why handwriting practice facilitates visual categorization by comparing 2 hypotheses: that handwriting exerts its facilitative effect because of the visual-motor production of forms, resulting in a direct link between motor and perceptual systems, ...

Distinct preference for visual number symbols was recently discovered in the human right inferior temporal gyrus (rITG). It remains unclear how this preference emerges, what is the contribution of shape biases to its formation and whether visual processing underlies it. Here we use congenital blindness as a model for brain development without visual experience. During fMRI, we present blind sub...

We present the first version of an electronic dictionary (http://vis.upf.edu/CDVS/test.aspx) where designers can find pictures to represent abstract concepts. It aims at the variety of visual expressions for an arbitrary abstract concept and the efficiency of browsing. This dictionary is driven by an automatic knowledge extraction method, which allows the dictionary entries to be dynamic, corre...

PURPOSE To compare visual acuity results obtained using the Lea Symbols chart with visual acuity results obtained with the Bailey-Lovie chart in school-aged children and adults using a within-subjects comparison of monocular acuity results. METHODS Subjects were 62 individuals between 4.5 and 60 years of age, recruited from patients seen in five optometry clinics. Each subject had acuity of t...

visual representations are those that use conventional symbols to represent the relevant elements of a problem’s cover story. For example, the top portion of Figure 1 illustrates the conventional circuit symbols of the following problem: “Consider two resistors with resistance values R1 6 and R2 12 connected in parallel to a voltage source with V 9 V. Find the total resistance of this circuit.”...

Children with learning disabilities (LD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) get anxious while attending healthcare settings as it is not part of their usual routine. They often understand visual symbols better than speech. Many of these children are accustomed to using symbols at school and at home to support their verbal understanding. A list of commonly conducted physical examinations, medica...

This contribution follows the line of research to formally deene a visual language by algebraic concepts and techniques. In this paper, a graphic i.e. a sentence of a visual language, is equipped with an underlying graph structure. This is done in a way that each graph object of the graph structure is represented by a graphic which may be a complex one. Graph structures are regarded as n-sorted...