According to the ‘mating intelligence’ theory by evolutionary psychologist Geoffrey Miller, human morality is a system of sexually selected traits which serve as costly signals to the other sex about one’s fitness and readiness to take care for possible offspring. Starting from the standard prediction of evolutionary psychology that sexual selection produces psychological sex differences in hum...

some western scholars of shiite studies believe thatthe chief principle of justice in twelver shia islam or imamiyyah is rooted in mo’tazalediscourse while this principle has its roots in imam ali’s (as) theoretical and practical instructions. justice in imam ali’s view has an epistemological status which initiates from allah’s justice attribute; then it streams in cosmology; and after all it i...

What should a virtue theory of argumentation say about fallacious reasoning? If good arguments are virtuous, then fallacies are vicious. Yet fallacies cannot just be identified with vices, since vices are dispositional properties of agents whereas fallacies are types of argument. Rather, if the normativity of good argumentation is explicable in terms of virtues, we should expect the wrongness o...

Abstract The epistemic virtues and vices are typically defined in terms of effects or motivations related to the states their possessors. However, philosophers have recently begun consider other-regarding virtues, traits oriented toward flourishing others. In a similar vein, this paper discusses outward-facing vices, properties languishing I argue for existence both reliabilist responsibilist i...

The authors propose that people use 2 routes in justifying self-gratification: 1st through hard work or excellence (entitlement) and the 2nd through the attainment of vices without depleting income. This framework was tested using real tasks and choices adopted from prior research on self-control. The results indicate that (a) higher effort and (bogus) excellence feedback increase preferences f...

Abstract Existing studies have examined the demand elasticities for organic products only in select categories, and their results consumers' sensitivity to price changes are inconsistent. Evidence regarding effects of promotions on foods vs non-organic is scarce. This study aims (1) examine own-price counterparts both with without a promotion variety product (2) investigate how distinctive betw...