A permutation is an arrangement of a finite number of distinct elements of a linear order, for example, e, π, 0, √ 2 and 3412. Two permutations are order isomorphic if the have the same relative ordering. We say a permutation τ contains or involves a permutation β if deleting some of the entries of π gives a permutation that is order isomorphic to β, and we write β ≤ τ . For example, 534162 (wh...

In this study, it was aimed to determine the antimicrobial, antibiofilm activities and synergistic effects of ethanol extracts obtained from above-ground, root, seed coat Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medic. Antimicrobial activity performed against 7 bacterial 3 fungal standard strains by microdilution method minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) were determined. The crystal violet applied preven...

Pale swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum rossicum [Kleopow] Barbar.) and black swallow-wort (V. nigrum [L.] Moench), European species of herbaceous, perennial viny milkweeds, have become increasingly invasive in various natural and managed habitats in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, including low- and high-light habitats. A classical biological control program is being developed,...

Effective control techniques for pale swallowwort (PSW), an invasive herbaceous vine of old fields and forest understories, are limited. We conducted a 3-yr cutting and herbicide study on an adjacent old-field and forest understory site near Ithaca, NY, for control of PSW. Plants in experimental plots were cut in early July and cut again or sprayed in late August for two seasons with the isopro...

The antileishmanial and antimalarial activities of different fractions of Vincetoxicum stocksii, Carum copticum, Gentiana olivierii and Zygophyllum fabago were determined. Amongst these, V. stocksii and C. copticum showed moderate to good antimalarial activity. The ethyl acetate fractions of C. copticum and hexane fraction of V. stocksii showed 94 % and 52% inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum (...