Table 1 Classical constant-field scaling rules and consequences. 1. CLASSICAL CMOS SCALING Voltages Vth, VDS 1/α Dimensions Lateral and vertical 1/α Electric field V/L, V/d const. Conductance I/V const. Capacitance 1/α Speed I/CV α Switching energy CV 1/α Power/gate CVf 1/α Transistor density 1/L α Power density const. The essential aspects of CMOS digital circuit behavior can be understood by ...

We present a method for simultaneous measurement of the vertical distribution of the optical turbulence strength C 2 N (h) and wind velocity V(h) in the Earth's atmosphere, based on an analysis of spatio-temporal correlations of stellar scintillation images obtained with generalized scidar. A statistical comparison of V(h) obtained with this method and instrumented balloons supports the use of ...

The architecture of bone trabeculae is based on the direction of stresses applied to the bone. The human talar dome receives compressive forces from the tibia and, to a much lesser extent, the fibula when standing, walking, and running, and transmits the force downward to the calcaneus through the talar body and anterior to the navicular via the talar head. As a result, the body of the talus ha...

A circuit technique to correct Vdd/PM distortion and improve efficiency as supply modulation of cascode class-E PAs has been proposed. The experimental result shows that the phase distortion can be improved from 20 degrees to 5 degrees. Moreover, a system co-simulation result demonstrated that the EVM can be improved from −17 dB to −19 dB. key words: envelope elimination and restoration (EER), ...

Synthetic aperture radar imagery is widely used to study surface deformation induced by volcanic activity; however, it is rarely applied to quantify the evolution of lava domes, which is important for understanding hazards and magmatic system characteristics. We studied dome formation associated with eruptive activity at Mount Cleveland, Aleutian Volcanic Arc, in 2011–2012 using TerraSAR-X imag...

This paper deals with the experimental investigations of the in-cylinder tumble flows in an unfired internal combustion engine with a flat piston at the engine speeds ranging from 400 to 1000 rev/min., and also with the dome and dome-cavity pistons at an engine speed of 1000 rev/min., using particle image velocimetry. From the two-dimensional in-cylinder flow measurements, tumble flow analysis ...

PURPOSE The increasing prevalence of breast feeding has led to concerns about vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in children. We evaluated the prevalence of VDD in a population of Korean children with IDA and assessed the risk factors for VDD in these children. METHODS A total of 79 children who were diagnosed with IDA were prospectively surveyed from April 2010 to Ma...

The history of ternary adders goes back to more than 6 decades ago. Since then, a multitude full (TFAs) have been presented in the literature. This article conducts review TFAs so that one can be familiar with utilised design methodologies and their prevalence. Moreover, despite numerous TFAs, almost none them are simplest form. A large number transistors could eliminated by considering partial...

Various mechanisms have been proposed for the dynamic cause and kinematic development of gneiss domes. They include (1) diapiric fl ow induced by density inversion, (2) buckling under horizontal constriction (i.e., extension perpendicular to compression), (3) coeval orthogonal contraction or superposition of multiple phases of folding in different orientations, (4) instability induced by vertic...