Understanding the balance between incoming radiation from the Sun and outgoing radiation from Earth is of critical importance in the study of climate change on Earth. As the only natural satellite of Earth, the Moon is a unique platform for the study of the disk-wide radiation budget of Earth. There are no complications from atmosphere, hydrosphere, or biosphere on the Moon. The nearside of the...

This paper comparatively examines long-term variations in the thermospheres of Mars and Earth, from the solar maximum of 2002-2003 to the deep solar minimum of 2009-2010. Data employed include densities and exosphere temperatures derived from orbital drag analyses of the Mars Odyssey (MO) satellite for Mars, and accelerometer measurements on the CHAMP satellite for Earth. Derivation of thermosp...

one of the effective methods to improve the thermal efficiency of solar collectors is using nanofluids as the coolant. the present study experimentally investigated the effect of sio2/water nanofluid with 1% mass fraction on the performance of a symmetric collector, i.e. conical solar collector. the conical solar collector with 1 m2 area and normal to the earth was tested in ahvaz, a city in th...

The effects of the space radiation environment on spacecraft systems and instruments are significant design considerations for space missions. Astronaut exposure is a serious concern for manned missions. In order to meet these challenges and have reliable, cost-effective designs, the radiation environment must be understood and accurately modeled. The nature of the environment varies greatly be...

For over 4 billion years, solar radiation has played a profound role in driving the physical circulation of the atmosphere, the oceans, and the biological processes responsible for sustaining life on Earth. The angular distribution of, and diel and seasonal changes in, solar radiation are dictated by the relation of Earth’s axis to the Sun, the orbital angular velocity of Earth, and the gravita...

The sun is the most important source of visible and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Even though the distance from the sun to the Earth is large – about 150×10 km – the fluence rate of solar radiation on Earth, the solar constant, is about 1 360 W/m 2 . Approximately 40% of this radiation is reflected back into space. The remaining 60% is the driving force of all life on Earth. A number of pigments ...

in order to study of the radiation interception and red to far red light ratio variations in sunflower hybrids under drought stress, nine sunflower hybrids in three separate experiments were compared as randomized complete block designs with three replications at the research station of seed and plant improvement institute in karaj in 2006. first experiment (control) was irrigated based on 60 m...