In wave chaotic scattering, statistical fluctuations of the scattering matrix S and the impedance matrix Z depend both on universal properties and on nonuniversal details of how the scatterer is coupled to external channels. This paper considers the impedance and scattering variance ratios, Xi(z) and Xi(s), where Xi(z) = Var[Z(ij)]/{Var[Z(ii)]Var[Z(jj)]}1/2, Xi(s) = Var[S(ij)]/{Var[S(ii)]Var[S(...

Proof. To see L2-convergence, we will prove that (Sn)n>1 is Cauchy in L 2. It is enough to show that ||Sn − Sm||2 < ε for all n,m > N(ε). Suppose n > m, then we obtain ||Sn − Sm||2 = E(Sn − Sm) = E(Xm+1 +Xm+2 + · · ·+Xn) = Var(Xm+1 +Xm+2 + · · ·+Xn) = Var(Xm+1) + Var(Xm+2) + · · ·+ Var(Xn). For any ε > 0, there exists N = N(ε) with ∑∞ i=N Var(Xi) < ε 2, thus we have ||Sn−Sm||2 < ε for all n,m >...

The most polymorphic gene family in P. falciparum is the ∼60 var genes distributed across parasite chromosomes, both in the subtelomeres and in internal regions. They encode hypervariable surface proteins known as P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) that are critical for pathogenesis and immune evasion in Plasmodium falciparum. How var gene sequence diversity is generated is n...

In this paper we prove a discrete version of Tanaka’s Theorem [19] for the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator in dimension n = 1, both in the non-centered and centered cases. For the non-centered maximal operator f M we prove that, given a function f : Z→ R of bounded variation, Var(f Mf) ≤ Var(f), where Var(f) represents the total variation of f . For the centered maximal operator M we prove th...

The var genes of Plasmodium falciparum code for the antigenically variant erythrocyte membrane proteins 1 (PfEMP1), a major factor for cytoadherence and immune escape of the parasite. Herein, we analyzed the var gene transcript turnover in two ongoing, non-symptomatic infections at sequential time points during two weeks. The number of different circulating genomes was estimated by microsatelli...

Compact chromatin structure, induction of gene silencing in position-effect variegation (PEV), and crossing-over suppression are typical features of heterochromatin. To identify genes affecting crossing-over suppression by heterochromatin we tested PEV suppressor mutations for their effects on crossing over in pericentromeric regions of Drosophila autosomes. From the 46 mutations (28 loci) stud...

Members of the Plasmodium falciparum var gene family encode clonally variant adhesins, which play an important role in the pathogenicity of tropical malaria. Here we employ a selective panning protocol to generate isogenic P.falciparum populations with defined adhesive phenotypes for CD36, ICAM-1 and CSA, expressing single and distinct var gene variants. This technique has established the frame...

Plasmodium falciparum origin recognition complex 1 (ORC1) protein has been implicated in DNA replication and silencing var gene family. However, the mechanism and the domain structure of ORC1 related to the regulation of var gene family are unknown. Here we show that the unique N-terminus of PfORC1 (PfORC1N(1-238)) is targeted to the nuclear periphery in vivo and this region binds to the telome...

Antigenic variation in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum depends on the transcriptional regulation of the var gene family. In each individual parasite, mRNA is expressed exclusively from 1 var gene out of ∼60, while the rest of the genes are transcriptionally silenced. Both modifications to chromatin structure and DNA regulatory elements associated with each var gene have been im...

Smoking Cessation Treatment (SCT) is a policy that has to be promoted for health economics, and expectations for the success of treatments with varenicline (VAR) are large. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have issued a warning on VAR-induced depression and suicide. In the present study, utilizing the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), we searched for antidepressants (AD...