The etiology and pathogenesis of human transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) remain unknown at the present time. While many carcinogens can induce bladder carcinoma in animal experimental studies, the only well-established carcinogens in human beings are tobacco smoke and arylamines.[1] Experimental studies in animals have demonstrated that invasive urothelial carcinoma is preceded by a sequence of...

PURPOSE Clear cell adenocarcinoma in the urinary tract is a rare entity with an appearance resembling its counterpart in the female genital tract. Although several theories have been proposed about its origin, its exact histogenesis has remained uncertain. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We integrated molecular genetic evaluation by fluorescence in situ hybridization and X-chromosome inactivation with co...

A select group of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma may be appropriate candidates for minimally invasive management. Organ-preserving endoscopic procedures may be appropriate for patients with an inability to tolerate major surgery, solitary kidney, bilateral disease, poor renal function, small tumor burden, low-grade disease, or carcinoma in situ. We review the published literatur...

A proportion of patients under surveillance for recurrent bladder carcinoma with no immediate evidence of bladder tumor recurrence have positive multitarget fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH; UroVysion, Vysis, Downers Grove, IL) results. The course of these "anticipatory positive" cases and the time to bladder tumor recurrence remains unknown. We followed up 250 patients with urine cytol...

INTRODUCTION Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the urinary bladder is a rare bidirectional malignant neoplasm with epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation. The epithelial component is mainly high-grade urothelial carcinoma, and the mesenchymal component includes rhabdomyosarcoma. However, proper differential diagnosis of adult rhabdomyosarcomatous tumors of the bladder can be a challenge. Moreover, l...

Activation of oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressors in urothelium is considered critical for development of urothelial cancer. Here we report cloning of the urothelium-specific promoter uroplakin-II (UPK II) and generation of transgenic mice in which expression of SV40 large T antigen is driven by UPK II promoter. Inactivation of tumor suppressor p53 and pRb in urothelium by SV40 T ant...

Activation of oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressors in urothelium is considered critical for development of urothelial cancer. Here we report cloning of the urothelium specific promoter uroplakin-II (UPKII) and generation of transgenic mice in which expression of SV40 large T antigen is driven by UPKII promoter. Inactivation of tumor suppressor p53 and pRB in urothelium by SV40 T antig...

The clear cell variant urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder is very rare and unusual neoplasm defined histologically by clear cell pattern and glycogen-rich cytoplasm. Our case of clear cell carcinoma was diagnosed with immunohistochemistry stain. A 72-year-old man, presented with painless macroscopic hematuria in November 2007. Evaluation revealed papillary tumor in urinary bladder. A trans...