in a period of less than five decades, the urban residence has dramatically increased in iran. currently more than two thirds of the population live in city dwellings. this rapid urbanization has considerable impact on people’s mental health and psychiatric care. the main strategy of iran's national program of mental health has been the integration of mental health into the primary health ...

abstract aims: fluoride is one of the anions present in soil and water, and determining its level in drinking water is vital for preventing dental and bone diseases in societies. this research aimed to determine fluoride concentrations in drinking water sources of rural and urban areas of babol city, iran. instrument & methods: this descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in babol city,...

over half of the world’s population lives in cities and united nations (un) demographers project an increase of 2.5 billion more urban dwellers by 2050. yet there is too little systematic comparative research on the practice of urban health policy and management (hpam), particularly in the megacities of middle-income and developing nations. we make a case for creating a global database on citie...

abstract   background: inequalities in health are ever increasing among different communities of either affluent or disadvantaged especially in urban areas. to identify and address inequalities in health and its determinants among societies, urban health equity assessment and response tool (urban heart) in four 'policy domains' related to social determinants of health, has been developed by who...

conclusions efforts to improve vaccination coverage should be taken into account regarding the differences in the factors that contribute to the incomplete vaccination status of children in the rural and urban areas. the current study findings indicate that vaccination services especially in the urban areas need to be reassessed to ensure that all children are covered. to develop and promote ch...

to assess the health impact of air pollution on bejaia population in the north of algeria, we carried out a descriptive epidemiologic inquiry near the medical establishments of three areas.from hospital admissions registers, we collected data on the hospital mortality and admissions relating to the various cardiorespiratory pathologies generated by this type of pollution. in parallel, data on t...

Do urban hospital closures affect health care access or health outcomes? We study closures in Los Angeles County between 1997 and 2003, through their effect on distance to the nearest hospital. We find that increased distance to the closest hospital increases deaths from heart attacks and unintentional injuries. This finding is robust to several sensitivity checks. We also find that, for reside...

in recent years, medical and health care consumption has risen, making health risk an important determinant of household spending and welfare. we aimed to examine the determinants of medical and health care expenditure to help policy-makers in the improvement of china's health care system, benefiting the country, society and every household. this paper employs panel data from china's provinces ...

plants as the life giving entities have important role in mental and physical health of human. in the modern time with expansion of the cities and increase  of industrial centers and living style change and decrease of social negligence about green spaces as the factor for mental diseases, altogether have been propounded for many psychologists and physicians. in this way considering green space...