abstract the purpose of this paper is to test the hypothesis first proposed by romer (1993); suggesting that inflation is lower in more open economies. according to this hypothesis, central banks have a lower incentive to engineer surprise inflations in more-open economies because the phillips curve is steeper. furthermore, comparing with other empirical studies, this paper has used the new kof...

We study the relationship between banks’ size and risk-taking in context of supranational banking supervision. Consistently with theoretical work on unions contrast to analyses emphasising incentives underpinned by too-big-to-fail effect, we find an inverse non-performing loan growth for a sample European banks. Evidence is provided that mechanism operates through enhanced organisational effici...

An identity links the rate of economic growth, the speed of poverty reduction and changes in the distribution of income during some time period in a given country. A few authors used that identity to understand the causes for observed changes in poverty and to identify the exact role of economic growth in poverty reduction. Yet, many empirical cross-country studies of the relationship between g...

This paper explains why the overall stance of monetary policy is effected by both interest rates and the exchange rate, and hence why a Monetary Conditions Indicator can provide useful information about the stance of policy. Three output gap equations estimated in this paper reveal that the real interest rate and the real exchange rate both affect excess demand but that the real interest rate i...

Nascent Entrepreneurs Nascent entrepreneurs are people who are engaged in creating new ventures. This chapter reviews the international evidence on how many of them are there around the world, what they are doing, who they are, what makes them different, and which ones see their vision through to eventual start-up. JEL Classification: J23

This paper sets up a matching (decentralized trade) model with a technology that allows each pair of agents to report the transfer of goods in the end of each pairwise meeting. It examines (a) conditions under which an allocation that can be supported as an equilibrium allocation, and (b) whether the report system can replace money. JEL Classification: E40

i n the past decades, the effect of different tax amendments on various economic issues has been studied. the majority of these studies have avoided considering shadow economy as part of the calculation and analysis, and an issue, which has received little attention, is the relationship between green tax reforms and shadow economy, as for informal labor, which is well-connected to unemployment ...

abstract research and development (r&d;) spending plays a major role in innovation, raising productivity and increasing economic growth. the purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of r&d; spending on growth and total factor productivity (tfp) in iran's agricultural sector. we estimate growth and productivity models using auto-regressive distributed lag (ardl) approach and data over ...

This paper develops an axiomatic theory of decision making under uncertainty that dispenses with the state space. The results are subjective expected utility models with unique, action-dependent, subjective probabilities, and a utility function defined over wealth-effect pairs that is unique up to positive linear transformation. JEL classification code: D81

In this paper, a useful classification of all Lie subalgebras of a given Lie algebraup to an inner automorphism is presented. This method can be regarded as animportant connection between differential geometry and algebra and has many applications in different fields of mathematics. After main results, we have applied this procedure for classifying the Lie subalgebras of some examples of Lie al...